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The Inversion of IL-6 Levels in Relation to C-Reactive Protein as the Marker for Cytokine Storm Syndrome in COVID-19

https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4001787
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37/37 checkable references clean · checked 2026-07-23

Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.

25 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.

The 37 checked references that resolve
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Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area
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An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival
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Overview: Systemic Inflammatory Response Derived From Lung Injury Caused by SARS-CoV-2 Infection Explains Severe Outcomes in COVID-19
resolves10.1056/NEJMra2026131
Cytokine Storm
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resolves10.1093/ajcp/aqaa124
SARS-CoV-2 Infection–Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
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Could hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis be the core issue of severe COVID-19 cases?
resolves10.1016/j.chom.2020.05.007
Favorable Anakinra Responses in Severe Covid-19 Patients with Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
resolves10.1038/s41379-020-0613-1
Histiocytic hyperplasia with hemophagocytosis and acute alveolar damage in COVID-19 infection
resolves10.1186/s13256-020-02503-9
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a patient with COVID-19 treated with tocilizumab: a case report
resolves10.1007/s10067-020-05073-9
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resolves10.1002/(SICI)1096-911X(199705)28:5<342::AID-MPO3>3.0.CO;2-H
HLH-94: A treatment protocol for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
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Adult haemophagocytic syndrome
resolves10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.11.081
Differentiating Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis from Other Forms of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
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Causes and Significance of Markedly Elevated Serum Ferritin Levels in an Academic Medical Center
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The use of corticosteroid as treatment in SARS was associated with adverse outcomes: a retrospective cohort study
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High–Dose Pulse Versus Nonpulse Corticosteroid Regimens in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
resolves10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118431
SARS-CoV-2 and coagulation disorders in different organs
resolves10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104362
Coagulation disorders in coronavirus infected patients: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and lessons from the past
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Bacterial Coinfection in Influenza
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Predominant Role of Bacterial Pneumonia as a Cause of Death in Pandemic Influenza: Implications for Pandemic Influenza Preparedness
resolves10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.016
Bacterial co-infection and secondary infection in patients with COVID-19: a living rapid review and meta-analysis
resolves10.1136/bmj.38483.478183.EB
Diagnostic value of C reactive protein in infections of the lower respiratory tract: systematic review
resolves10.1590/S1516-84842010005000050
Fisiologia e metabolismo do ferro
resolves10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4
Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages
resolves10.1056/NEJMcp2009575
Severe Covid-19
resolves10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.041
Recommendations for antibacterial therapy in adults with COVID-19 – an evidence based guideline
resolves10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001295
Storm, typhoon, cyclone or hurricane in patients with COVID-19? Beware of the same storm that has a different origin
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Cytokine storm in COVID-19: pathogenesis and overview of anti-inflammatory agents used in treatment
resolves10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30317-2
Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury
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Marked hyperferritinemia does not predict for HLH in the adult population
resolves10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102573
COVID-19 gone bad: A new character in the spectrum of the hyperferritinemic syndrome?
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COVID-19 as part of the hyperferritinemic syndromes: the role of iron depletion therapy
The 25 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedClinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan
no DOI — not checkedPredictive monitoring and therapeutic immune biomarkers in the management of clinical complications of COVID-19
no DOI — not checkedImmune cartography of macrophage activation syndrome in the COVID-19 era
no DOI — not checkedThe pathogenesis and treatment of the 'Cytokine Storm' in COVID-19
no DOI — not checkedThrombocytopenia and Its Association with Mortality in Patients with COVID-19.pdf
no DOI — not checkedMechanism of thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 patients
no DOI — not checkedref28
no DOI — not checkedHematologic, biochemical and immune biomarker abnormalities associated with severe illness and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a metaanalysis
no DOI — not checkedAnticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy
no DOI — not checkedThe procoagulant pattern of patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome
no DOI — not checkedRisk Factors Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients with Coronavirus Disease
no DOI — not checkedref39
no DOI — not checkedImplementation of C-reactive protein point of care testing to improve antibiotic targeting in respiratory illness in Vietnamese primary care (ICAT): A study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial
no DOI — not checkedBiomarkers as point-of-care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in patients with acute respiratory infections in primary care
no DOI — not checkedref42
no DOI — not checkedMild or Moderate Covid-19
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no DOI — not checkedThe COVID-19 lab score
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no DOI — not checkedref59
no DOI — not checkedThe Role of Cytokines including Interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced Pneumonia and Macrophage Activation Syndrome-Like Disease
no DOI — not checked61 Histiocyte Society. Recommendations and Considerations from the Histiocyte Society During the Evaluation of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients for Hyperinflammation
no DOI — not checkedAssociation between platelet parameters and mortality in coronavirus disease
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