Reference health

Legal and Institutional Dimension of the AfCFTA in the Context of Agricultural Development and Trade

https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4167388
CiteStamped reference-health badge
1/1 checkable references clean · checked 2026-08-31

Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.

73 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.

The 1 checked reference that resolves
resolves10.1596/1813-9450-9761
Trade Creation and Trade Diversion in African Recs: Drawing Lessons for AfCFTA
The 73 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedref1
no DOI — not checkedTreaty Establishing the African Economic Community
no DOI — not checkedref3
no DOI — not checked) (b) of the Protocol on Trade in Services includes the specific objective of
no DOI — not checkedDecision of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government during the Eighteenth Ordinary Session
no DOI — not checkedby forty-four African Heads of State and Government and entered into force on May 30, 2019 following ratification by twenty-four countries. As of September 2021, fifty-four of the fifty-five AU Member States had signed the AfCFTA, and thirty-eight countries had ratified the agreement. See Tralac
no DOI — not checkedDispute Settlement under the African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement: A Preliminary Assessment
no DOI — not checkedref8
no DOI — not checkedParties may object in writing to the initial report (art. 19 (2)), and a final report will be adopted and signed within sixty days from the date of circulation
no DOI — not checkedThe Appellate Body is composed of seven persons (serving a four-year term with possibility of renewal), three of whom shall hear and determine any one case; Member States shall be widely represented on the Appellate Body. Appeal proceedings shall not extend beyond sixty days from the date on which a party made a notification to appeal to the date when the AB circulated its report
no DOI — not checkedref11
no DOI — not checkedWhat the African Continental Free Trade Agreement Protocol on Dispute Settlement Says About the Culture of African States to Dispute Resolution
no DOI — not checkedref13
no DOI — not checkedref14
no DOI — not checkedAnnex 5 calls upon the AfCFTA Secretariat and NTB Subcommittee to establish a Unit for the Coordination of NTB Elimination that will work with National Monitoring Committees and National Focal Points, and REC NTB Units to identify, resolve, and monitor NTBs, working in collaboration with the private sector. 101 Notably, the NTB mechanism can be used by the private sector for the resolution of disputes; this is in contrast with the AfCFTA's overall dispute settlement system which is available only to State Parties. 102 Transparency is a focus of this process, which involves regular status reports, and technical assistance may be requested, 103 the latter drawing a link with S&DT as discussed above. SPS and TBT measures are among the most frequently-used non-tariff measures
no DOI — not checkedref16
no DOI — not checkedref17
no DOI — not checkedref18
no DOI — not checkedref19
no DOI — not checkedref20
no DOI — not checkedMarrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A
no DOI — not checkedAnnex 6, Technical Barriers to Trade, art. 3, at 2; Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade
no DOI — not checkedInternational Plant Protection Convention with respect to plant health
no DOI — not checkedref24
no DOI — not checkedSPS measures can be recognized as equivalent if "the exporting Member objectively demonstrates to the importing Member that its measures achieve the importing Member's appropriate level of [SPS] protection
no DOI — not checkedMutual recognition allows countries to accept differing rules, standards, and procedures as valid and also implies that imports lawfully produced in the exporting country will be accepted in the importing country
no DOI — not checkedref27
no DOI — not checkedref28
no DOI — not checkedref29
no DOI — not checkedref30
no DOI — not checkedref31
no DOI — not checkedAnnex 6, Technical Barriers to Trade
no DOI — not checkedref33
no DOI — not checkedref34
no DOI — not checkedref35
no DOI — not checkedPest Risk Assessment of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera Frugiperda in Egypt
no DOI — not checkedref37
no DOI — not checkedReview of mechanisms for food safety-related SPS measures within African regional Economic Communities (RECs): Paving the way for a continent-wide food safety coordination effort
no DOI — not checkedref39
no DOI — not checkedMetrology and Testing Act, although there are some gaps in implementation of the obligations as set out in these instruments. For example, the EAC SPS Protocol provides for the establishment of an SPS Committee; however, currently there is no such body in place. 135 That said, the EAC has carried out various other programs to address SPS issues. ECOWAS and SADC also coordinate on SPS activities through the ECOWAS SPS Regulation and the SADC Protocol on Trade, respectively. Notably, SADC has established a SPS Coordination Committee to "promote transparency in area of SPS Measures
no DOI — not checkedref41
no DOI — not checkedReview of mechanisms for food safety-related SPS measures within African regional Economic Communities (RECs): Paving the way for a continent-wide food safety coordination effort
no DOI — not checkedref43
no DOI — not checkedref44
no DOI — not checkedref45
no DOI — not checkedref46
no DOI — not checkedref47
no DOI — not checkedTBT and SPS Policies of RECs
no DOI — not checkedref49
no DOI — not checkedref50
no DOI — not checkedref51
no DOI — not checkedref52
no DOI — not checkedref53
no DOI — not checkedref54
no DOI — not checkedref55
no DOI — not checkedref56
no DOI — not checkedref57
no DOI — not checkedref58
no DOI — not checkedTrade Facilitation and Regional Intergation in Africa
no DOI — not checkedref61
no DOI — not checkedref62
no DOI — not checkedAfrican Union
no DOI — not checkedpromote-gender-youth-interests; see also, Eleni Giokos
no DOI — not checkedref65
no DOI — not checkedref66
no DOI — not checkedMarrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, 1869 U.N.T.S. 299, 33 I.L.M. 1197 (1994) and International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV Convention) International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants
no DOI — not checkedref68
no DOI — not checkedref69
no DOI — not checkedref70
no DOI — not checkedref71
no DOI — not checkedApplications of Competition Law: Exemptions and Exceptions 28-29
no DOI — not checkedref73
no DOI — not checkedEmbracing the Data Revolution for Development: A Data Justice Framework for Farm Data in the Context of African Indigenous Farmers
What this badge says. CiteStamped means the CHECKABLE references of this work were clean at the dated check: each resolved to a known work in a public registry, and none carried a retraction notice at that time. It says nothing about the quality, findings, or importance of the work itself, and nothing about references deposited without a DOI.

checked 2026-08-31 — re-checked daily as this page is visited; titles and statuses come from Crossref and DataCite and are not part of the signed record

view as graph · paper page

Embed this badge

Both snippets point at the live badge image and link back to this page. The badge re-renders from the daily check, so an embed never goes stale by more than a day of visits.

<a href="https://citestamp.com/citestamped/10.2139/ssrn.4167388"><img src="https://citestamp.com/citestamped/10.2139/ssrn.4167388/badge.svg" alt="CiteStamped reference-health badge" width="460" height="64"></a>
[![CiteStamped reference-health badge](https://citestamp.com/citestamped/10.2139/ssrn.4167388/badge.svg)](https://citestamp.com/citestamped/10.2139/ssrn.4167388)