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Methodological Problems Underlying Voluntary REDD+ Project Baselines Compromise the Environmental Integrity of Carbon Offsets

https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4479825
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25/25 checkable references clean · checked 2026-09-23

Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.

35 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.

The 25 checked references that resolve
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REDD+ as Result‐based Aid: General Lessons and Bilateral Agreements of Norway
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Credit credibility threatens forests
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What Drives Deforestation and What Stops It? A Meta-Analysis
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Undoing Equivalence: Rethinking Carbon Accounting for Just Carbon Removal
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Revisiting the location bias and additionality of REDD+ projects: the role of project proponents status and certification
resolves10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102474
Allocating the REDD+ national baseline to local projects: A case study of Cambodia
resolves10.1146/annurev-environ-101813-013230
Advances in Measuring the Environmental and Social Impacts of Environmental Programs
resolves10.1126/science.1244693
High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change
resolves10.1016/j.envsci.2022.02.021
The politics and performativity of REDD+ reference levels: Examining the Guyana-Norway agreement and its implications for ‘offsetting’ towards ‘net zero’
resolves10.1016/j.forpol.2013.01.001
Uniform global deforestation patterns — An empirical analysis
resolves10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.007
Effectiveness and synergies of policy instruments for land use governance in tropical regions
resolves10.1596/29720
Approaches to REDD+ Nesting
resolves10.1080/13658811003752332
Predictive ability of logistic regression, auto-logistic regression and neural network models in empirical land-use change modeling – a case study
resolves10.1080/1747423X.2017.1410242
Uncertainty in establishing forest reference levels and predicting future forest-based carbon stocks for REDD+
resolves10.1007/s00168-007-0138-2
Comparing the input, output, and validation maps for several models of land change
resolves10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.11.001
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Similarity Weighted Instance‐based Learning for the Generation of Transition Potentials in Land Use Change Modeling
resolves10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.02.001
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A hybrid analytical-heuristic method for calibrating land-use change models
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The contribution of forest carbon credit projects to addressing the climate change challenge
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Land-use Change Modeling in a Brazilian Indigenous Reserve: Construction of a Reference Scenario for the Suruí REDD Project
resolves10.1080/14693062.2015.1058238
Indigenous community benefits from a de-centralized approach to REDD+ in Brazil
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Overstated carbon emission reductions from voluntary REDD+ projects in the Brazilian Amazon
resolves10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.08.008
Impacts of REDD+ payments on a coupled human-natural system in Amazonia
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REDD+ in Theory and Practice: How Lessons From Local Projects Can Inform Jurisdictional Approaches
The 35 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
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no DOI — not checkedDeforestation slowdown in the Brazilian Amazon: prices or policies? Environ
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no DOI — not checkedThe return of carbon offsetting? The discursive legitimation of new market arrangements in the Paris climate regime
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no DOI — not checkedMarkets in Motion: State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2021
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no DOI — not checkedA global evaluation of the effectiveness of voluntary REDD+ projects at reducing deforestation and degradation in the moist tropics
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no DOI — not checkedShall the American Association of Geographers endorse carbon offsets? Absolutely not
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no DOI — not checkedThe "virtual economy" of REDD+ projects: does private certification of REDD+ projects ensure their environmental integrity? Int
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no DOI — not checkedThe Mai Ndombe REDD+ Project. San Francisco. Wildlife Works and ecoPartners
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