Reference health
Social Protection in the Developing World
172/172 checkable references clean · checked 2026-09-15
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
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The 172 checked references that resolve
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Machine learning and phone data can improve targeting of humanitarian aid
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Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation of the Household Welfare Impacts of Conditional and Unconditional Cash Transfers Given to Mothers or Fathers
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Does Elite Capture Matter? Local Elites and Targeted Welfare Programs in Indonesia
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The Effects of a Maternity Leave Reform on Children's Abilities and Maternal Outcomes in Chile
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Limited commitment and crowding out of private transfers: evidence from a randomised experiment
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Do local officials know something we don’t? Decentralization of targeted transfers in Albania
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Recent Advances in the Analyses of Demand for Agricultural Insurance in Developing and Emerging Countries
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Indirect Effects of an Aid Program: How Do Cash Transfers Affect Ineligibles' Consumption?
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Machine Learning and Prediction of Beneficiary Eligibility for Social Protection Programs
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Big Constraints to Small Firms’ Growth? Business Environment and Employment Growth across Firms
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Consumption smoothing in island economies: Can public insurance reduce welfare?
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God Insures those Who Pay? Formal Insurance and Religious Offerings in Ghana*
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Informality and the expansion of social protection programs: Evidence from Mexico
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Conditional, unconditional and everything in between: a systematic review of the effects of cash transfer programmes on schooling outcomes
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Poverty reduction through geographic targeting: How well does it work?
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The Challenges of Universal Health Insurance in Developing Countries: Experimental Evidence from Indonesia’s National Health Insurance
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How Much do Existing Borrowers Value Microfinance? Evidence from an Experiment on Bundling Microcredit and Insurance
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Electronic Food Vouchers: Evidence from an At-Scale Experiment in Indonesia
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Debunking the Stereotype of the Lazy Welfare Recipient: Evidence from Cash Transfer Programs
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Private Outsourcing and Competition: Subsidized Food Distribution in Indonesia
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Eradicating diseases: The effect of conditional cash transfers on vaccination coverage in rural Nicaragua
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Boys' Cognitive Skill Formation and Physical Growth: Long-Term Experimental Evidence on Critical Ages for Early Childhood Interventions
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Relief programs: When it may be better to give food instead of cash
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Can Policy Change Culture? Government Pension Plans and Traditional Kinship Practices
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Do Education and Health Conditions Matter in a Large Cash Transfer? Evidence from a Honduran Experiment
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Can public works increase equilibrium wages? Evidence from India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee
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Work and tax evasion incentive effects of social insurance programs
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Public Policy and Extended Families: Evidence from Pensions in South Africa
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Inferring welfare maximizing treatment assignment under budget constraints
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Generating Skilled Self-Employment in Developing Countries: Experimental Evidence from Uganda
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Efficient Intra-Household Allocations: A General Characterization and Empirical Tests
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A dynamic model of entrepreneurship with borrowing constraints: theory and evidence
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A Mixed-Method Review of Cash Transfers and Intimate Partner Violence in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
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Effects of Colombia's Social Protection System on Workers' Choice between Formal and Informal Employment
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Can Mistargeting Destroy Social Capital and Stimulate Crime? Evidence from a Cash Transfer Program in Indonesia
resolves10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.02.003
Consumption versus asset smoothing: testing the implications of poverty trap theory in Burkina Faso
resolves10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.11.006
Heterogeneous impact dynamics of a rural business development program in Nicaragua
resolves10.1257/aer.20171526
Time versus State in Insurance: Experimental Evidence from Contract Farming in Kenya
resolves10.1007/s13524-014-0279-8
The Impact of Parental Death on Child Well-being: Evidence From the Indian Ocean Tsunami
resolves10.1080/03768350500322925
The reach and impact of Child Support Grants: evidence from KwaZulu-Natal
resolves10.1146/annurev.economics.050708.142910
Sufficient Statistics for Welfare Analysis: A Bridge Between Structural and Reduced-Form Methods
resolves10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3
The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa
resolves10.1257/aer.104.5.284
Dynamics of Demand for Index Insurance: Evidence from a Long-Run Field Experiment
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Household Income as a Determinant of Child Labor and School Enrollment in Brazil: Evidence from a Social Security Reform
resolves10.1111/jeea.12088
LIVE AID REVISITED: LONG-TERM IMPACTS OF THE 1984 ETHIOPIAN FAMINE ON CHILDREN
resolves10.1093/wber/lhg013
Grandmothers and Granddaughters: Old-Age Pensions and Intrahousehold Allocation in South Africa
resolves10.1126/science.aaf6288
Targeting health subsidies through a nonprice mechanism: A randomized controlled trial in Kenya
resolves10.1596/978-1-4648-0130-3
Right to Work?: Assessing India's Employment Guarantee Scheme in Bihar
resolves10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.05.001
Child labor and schooling responses to anticipated income in South Africa
resolves10.3982/ECTA17945
General Equilibrium Effects of Cash Transfers: Experimental Evidence From Kenya
resolves10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.02.001
Poverty alleviation through geographic targeting: How much does disaggregation help?
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Do Unemployment Insurance Benefits Improve Match and Employer Quality? Evidence from Recent U.S. Recessions
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On Her Own Account: How Strengthening Women’s Financial Control Impacts Labor Supply and Gender Norms
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Cash Transfers, Food Prices, and Nutrition Impacts on Ineligible Children
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The Aggregate Effects of Health Insurance: Evidence from the Introduction of Medicare
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What did Medicare do? The initial impact of Medicare on mortality and out of pocket medical spending
resolves10.1257/aer.20171455
Subsidizing Health Insurance for Low-Income Adults: Evidence from Massachusetts
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Do Conditional Cash Transfers Improve Child Health? Evidence from PROGRESA′s Control Randomized Experiment
resolves10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.08.004
Benefit in the wake of disaster: Long-run effects of earthquakes on welfare in rural Indonesia
resolves10.1016/0304-3878(92)90002-Q
Tageting assistance to the poor Efficient allocation of transfers when household income is not observed
resolves10.1257/jep.32.4.201
Universal Basic Incomes versus Targeted Transfers: Anti-Poverty Programs in Developing Countries
resolves10.3982/ECTA12302
Sales Force and Competition in Financial Product Markets: The Case of Mexico's Social Security Privatization
resolves10.1093/qje/qjw025
The Short-term Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfers to the Poor: Experimental
Evidence from Kenya*
resolves10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.11.009
Cash, food, or vouchers? Evidence from a randomized experiment in northern Ecuador
resolves10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60205-6
Effect of a nutrition intervention during early childhood on economic productivity in Guatemalan adults
resolves10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-030237
Universal Basic Income in the United States and Advanced Countries
resolves10.1093/jeea/jvz009
Short-term Migration, Rural Public Works, and Urban Labor Markets: Evidence from India
resolves10.1111/jori.12322
Can insurance alter poverty dynamics and reduce the cost of social protection in developing countries?
resolves10.1111/ajae.12124
Can Experiential Games and Improved Risk Coverage Raise Demand for Index Insurance? Evidence from Kenya
resolves10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00085-3
Do private transfers ‘displace’ the benefits of public transfers? Evidence from South Africa
resolves10.3945/jn.116.233684
A Conditional Cash Transfer Program in the Philippines Reduces Severe Stunting
resolves10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60239-7
Public policy for the poor? A randomised assessment of the Mexican universal health insurance programme
resolves10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.04.006
Wage-shifting effects of severance payments savings accounts in Colombia
resolves10.1162/rest_a_00907
Enlisting Employees in Improving Payroll Tax Compliance: Evidence from Mexico
resolves10.1177/0010414018758755
Local Corruption and Popular Support for Fuel Subsidy Reform in Indonesia
resolves10.3945/jn.109.116285
Cash and In-Kind Transfers in Poor Rural Communities in Mexico Increase Household Fruit, Vegetable, and Micronutrient Consumption but Also Lead to Excess Energy Consumption1–3
resolves10.1257/jep.27.2.193
Latin America's Social Policy Challenge: Education, Social Insurance, Redistribution
resolves10.1111/1467-937X.00204
Informal Insurance Arrangements with Limited Commitment: Theory and Evidence from Village Economies
resolves10.2307/146179
Do Husbands and Wives Pool Their Resources? Evidence from the United Kingdom Child Benefit
resolves10.1111/j.1468-0297.2004.00242.x
Stochastic Wealth Dynamics and Risk Management among a Poor Population
resolves10.1111/ecoj.12145
Changing Households' Investment Behaviour through Social Interactions with Local Leaders: Evidence from a Randomised Transfer Programme
resolves10.1257/aer.20151404
Identifying and Spurring High-Growth Entrepreneurship: Experimental Evidence from a Business Plan Competition
resolves10.1007/s12571-012-0177-0
Cash, food, or vouchers? An application of the Market Information and Food Insecurity Response Analysis Framework in urban and rural Kenya
resolves10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17515-6
Monetary incentives in primary health care and effects on use and coverage of preventive health care interventions in rural Honduras: cluster randomised trial
resolves10.1257/aer.20131365
Networks and Misallocation: Insurance, Migration, and the Rural-Urban Wage Gap
resolves10.1162/rest_a_01296
Identity Verification Standards in Welfare Programs: Experimental Evidence from India
resolves10.1093/wber/lhv038
Is Workfare Cost-effective against Poverty in a Poor Labor-Surplus Economy?
resolves10.1017/S1355770X21000085
Determinants of uptake and strategies to improve agricultural insurance in Africa: a review
resolves10.1111/ecca.12498
Stigma and take‐up of labour market assistance: Evidence from two field experiments
resolves10.1093/ej/uead049
Do Conditional Cash Transfers Improve Economic Outcomes in the Next Generation? Evidence from Mexico
resolves10.1016/j.econmod.2005.10.010
Labour migration and households: A reconsideration of the effects of the social pension on labour supply in South Africa
resolves10.1093/wber/lhaa019
Efficiency, Legitimacy, and Impacts of Targeting Methods: Evidence from an Experiment in Niger
resolves10.1007/s10018-017-0207-4
Is there a demand for flood insurance in Vietnam? Results from a choice experiment
resolves10.1002/jid.3186
Targeting Social Transfer Programmes: Comparing Design and Implementation Errors Across Alternative Mechanisms
resolves10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00018-3
Cash Transfer Programs with Income Multipliers: PROCAMPO in Mexico
resolves10.1162/003355302760193959
Optimal Income Transfer Programs: Intensive versus Extensive Labor Supply Responses
resolves10.1257/jel.50.1.3
The Elasticity of Taxable Income with Respect to Marginal Tax Rates: A Critical Review
resolves10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.12.009
School subsidies for the poor: evaluating the Mexican Progresa poverty program
resolves10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.01.012
Reaching the Poor: Cash Transfer Program Targeting in Cameroon
resolves10.1093/ajae/aay042
Does Index Insurance Crowd In or Crowd Out Informal Risk Sharing? Evidence from Rural Ethiopia
resolves10.1162/rest.91.4.773
Using Census and Survey Data to Estimate Poverty and Inequality for Small Areas
resolves10.1002/hec.1635
Social security health insurance for the informal sector in Nicaragua: a randomized evaluation
resolves10.1086/658347
The Effect of Early Interventions in Health and Nutrition on On-Time School Enrollment: Evidence from the<i>Oportunidades</i>Program in Rural Mexico
resolves10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.05.006
Does reducing unemployment insurance generosity reduce job match quality?
resolves10.1080/01621459.2017.1319839
Estimation and Inference of Heterogeneous Treatment Effects using Random Forests
resolves10.1002/hec.3293
Encouraging Health Insurance for the Informal Sector: A Cluster Randomized Experiment in Vietnam
The 124 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedThe Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfers on Nutrition: The South African Child Support Grant
no DOI — not checkedDo Youth Employment Programs Work? Evidence from the New Deal
no DOI — not checkedThe Economics of 'Tagging' as Applied to the Optimal Income Tax, Welfare Programs, and Manpower Planning
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no DOI — not checkedref19
no DOI — not checkedEducation, Income and Mobility: Experimental Impacts of Childhood Exposure to Progresa after 20 Years
no DOI — not checkedLabor Supply Responses to Large Social Transfers: Longitudinal Evidence from South Africa
no DOI — not checkedMoral Hazard and Nonmarket Institutions: Dysfunctional Crowding Out of Peer Monitoring?
no DOI — not checkedGetting the Poor to Enroll in Health Insurance, and Its Effects on Their Health: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Ghana
no DOI — not checkedSelection and Behavioral Responses of Health Insurance Subsidies in the Long Run: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Ghana
no DOI — not checkedThe Design of a Multi-Tier Contributory Pension System: The Distributional Impact of the 2008 Chilean Pension Reform
no DOI — not checkedref29
no DOI — not checkedref30
no DOI — not checkedref32
no DOI — not checkedChildren's Vulnerability to Weather Shocks: A Natural Disaster as a Natural Experiment
no DOI — not checkedAdaptive Safety Nets for Rural Africa: Drought-Sensitive Targeting with Sparse Data
no DOI — not checkedThe Effects of Cash Transfers on Adult Labor Market Outcomes
no DOI — not checkedref41
no DOI — not checkedThe Shape of Temptation: Implications for the Economic Lives of the Poor
no DOI — not checkedUnpacking a Multi-Faceted Program to Build Sustainable Income for the Very Poor
no DOI — not checkedCan Microfinance Unlock a Poverty Trap for Some Entrepreneurs?
no DOI — not checkedLong-Term Effects of the Targeting the Ultra Poor Program
no DOI — not checkedE-Governance, Accountability, and Leakage in Public Programs: Experimental Evidence from a Financial Management Reform in India
no DOI — not checkedA Multifaceted Program Causes Lasting Progress for the Very Poor: Evidence from Six Countries
no DOI — not checkedref53
no DOI — not checkedThe (Lack of) Distortionary Effects of Proxy-Means Tests: Results from a Nationwide Experiment in Indonesia
no DOI — not checkedTangible Information and Citizen Empowerment: Identification Cards and Food Subsidy Programs in Indonesia
no DOI — not checkedAre Conditional Cash Transfers Fulfilling Their Promise? Schooling, Learning, and Earnings After 10 Years
no DOI — not checkedExperimental Evidence of Exposure to a Conditional Cash Transfer during Early Teenage Years: Young Women's Fertility and Labor Market Outcomes
no DOI — not checkedMedium-and Long-Term Educational Consequences of Alternative Conditional Cash Transfer Designs: Experimental Evidence from Colombia
no DOI — not checkedImproving the Design of Conditional Transfer Programs: Evidence from a Randomized Education Experiment in Colombia
no DOI — not checkedref67
no DOI — not checkedDecentralization and Efficiency of Subsidy Targeting: Evidence from Chiefs in Rural Malawi
no DOI — not checkedref73
no DOI — not checkedTurning a Shove into a Nudge? A 'Labeled Cash Transfer' for Education
no DOI — not checkedDo Workfare Programs Live Up to Their Promises? Experimental Evidence from C�te d'Ivoire
no DOI — not checkedWorkfare versus Welfare: Incentive Arguments for Work Requirements in Poverty-Alleviation Programs
no DOI — not checkedref84
no DOI — not checkedFrom Policy to Practice: How Should Social Pensions Be Scaled Up?
no DOI — not checkedManipulation-Proof Machine Learning
no DOI — not checkedChildcare, Labor Supply, and Business Development: Experimental Evidence from Uganda
no DOI — not checkedThe Long-Term Impacts of Grants on Poverty: Nine-Year Evidence from Uganda's Youth Opportunities Program
no DOI — not checkedThe Trade-Offs of Welfare Policies in Labor Markets with Informal Jobs: The Case of the 'Seguro Popular' Program in Mexico
no DOI — not checkedref93
no DOI — not checkedref95
no DOI — not checkedCumulative Impacts of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: Experimental Evidence from Indonesia
no DOI — not checkedManipulation of Social Program Eligibility
no DOI — not checkedAn Adaptive Targeted Field Experiment: Job Search Assistance for Refugees in Jordan
no DOI — not checkedThe Endowment Effect and Collateralized Loans
no DOI — not checkedIndex Insurance for Developing Country Agriculture: A Reassessment
no DOI — not checkedGeneric Machine Learning Inference on Heterogeneous Treatment Effects in Randomized Experiments, with an Application to Immunization in India
no DOI — not checkedIs the Taxable Income Elasticity Sufficient to Calculate Deadweight Loss? The Implications of Evasion and Avoidance
no DOI — not checkedTargeting of Transfers in Developing Countries: Review of Lessons and Experience
no DOI — not checkedTesting Paternalism: Cash versus In-Kind Transfers
no DOI — not checkedThe Prices in the Crises: What We Are Learning from 20 Years of Health Insurance in Low-and Middle-Income Countries
no DOI — not checkedCan Conditional Cash Transfer Programs Serve as Safety Nets in Keeping Children at School and From Working When Exposed to Shocks?
no DOI — not checkedref135
no DOI — not checkedThe Effects of Public Health Insurance in Labor Markets with Informal Jobs: Evidence from Mexico
no DOI — not checkedSaving Lives with Indexed Disaster Funds: Evidence from Mexico
no DOI — not checkedRules for Recovery: Impact of Indexed Disaster Funds on Shock Coping in Mexico
no DOI — not checkedref140
no DOI — not checkedMeasuring Relative Poverty through Peer Rankings: Evidence from C�te D'Ivoire
no DOI — not checkedref151
no DOI — not checkedCash Transfers, Trust, and Inter-Household Transfers: Experimental Evidence from Tanzania
no DOI — not checkedref153
no DOI — not checkedAdverse Selection in Low-Income Health Insurance Markets: Evidence from an RCT in Pakistan
no DOI — not checkedUrban Public Works in Spatial Equilibrium: Experimental Evidence from Ethiopia
no DOI — not checkedEvaluation of the Hunger Safety Net Programme Phase 2: The Legacy of HSNP Phase 2: Systems, Practices and Lessons Learned
no DOI — not checkedref170
no DOI — not checkedInformal Labor and the Efficiency Cost of Social Programs: Evidence from Unemployment Insurance in Brazil
no DOI — not checkedCash Transfers and Formal Labor Markets: Evidence from Brazil
no DOI — not checkedInvesting Cash Transfers to Raise Long-Term Living Standards
no DOI — not checkedCan Information Influence the Social Insurance Participation Decision of China's Rural Migrants?
no DOI — not checkedref179
no DOI — not checkedKwacha Gonna Do? Experimental Evidence about Labor Supply in Rural Malawi
no DOI — not checkedThe Welfare Effects of Unemployment Insurance In Argentina: New Estimates Using Changes in the Schedule of Transfers
no DOI — not checkedThe Largest Insurance Program in History: Saving One Million Lives Per Year in China
no DOI — not checkedThe Great Equalizer: Health Care Access and Infant Mortality in Thailand
no DOI — not checkedPerils of the Paperwork: The Impact of Information and Application Assistance on Welfare Program Take-Up in India
no DOI — not checkedref186
no DOI — not checkedref192
no DOI — not checkedEconomic and Psychological Effects of Health Insurance and Cash Transfers: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Kenya
no DOI — not checkedTargeting Impact versus Deprivation
no DOI — not checkedDo College Graduates Serving as Village Officials Help Rural China?
no DOI — not checkedThe Power of Social Pensions: Evidence from China's New Rural Pension Scheme
no DOI — not checkedPoverty Traps and the Social Protection Paradox
no DOI — not checkedref203
no DOI — not checkedCosts and Benefits of Rural-Urban Migration: Evidence from India
no DOI — not checkedWomen, Business and the Law 2018
no DOI — not checkedShould the Government Sell You Goods? Evidence from the Milk Market in Mexico
no DOI — not checkedref216
no DOI — not checkedTransfer Program Complexity and the Take-Up of Social Benefits
no DOI — not checkedEffects of Housing Aid on Psychosocial Health after a Disaster
no DOI — not checkedInsuring Health or Insuring Wealth? An Experimental Evaluation of Health Insurance in Rural Cambodia
no DOI — not checkedWelfare Effects of Unemployment Benefits When Informality Is High
no DOI — not checkedTowards Shock-Responsive Social Protection: Lessons from the COVID-19 Response in Pakistan
no DOI — not checkedCash Transfers, Behavioral Changes, and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment
no DOI — not checkedTaken by Storm: Hurricanes, Migrant Networks, and US Immigration
no DOI — not checkedEffect of Health Insurance in India: A Randomized Controlled Trial
no DOI — not checkedRetooling Poverty Targeting Using Out-of-Sample Validation and Machine Learning
no DOI — not checkedLabour Supply and Taxes
no DOI — not checkedExperimental Long-Term Effects of Early-Childhood and School-Age Exposure to a Conditional Cash Transfer Program
no DOI — not checkedAn Economic Model of Welfare Stigma
no DOI — not checkedref245
no DOI — not checkedHow Unemployment Insurance Savings Accounts Affect Employment Duration: Evidence from Chile
no DOI — not checkedTargeting Transfers through Restrictions on Recipients
no DOI — not checkedTargeting with Agents
no DOI — not checkedref255
no DOI — not checkedref256
no DOI — not checkedThe Impact of Access to Free Childcare on Women's Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from a Randomized Trial in Low-Income Neighborhoods of Rio de Janeiro
no DOI — not checkedref262
no DOI — not checkedThe Impacts of Safety Nets in Africa: What Are We Learning
no DOI — not checkedReaching the Rural Poor through Public Employment: Arguments, Evidence, and Lessons from South Asia
no DOI — not checkedLimited Insurance within the Household: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya
no DOI — not checkedInformation and Bargaining through Agents: Experimental Evidence from Mexico's Labour Courts
no DOI — not checkedCash Transfers, Conditions, School Enrollment, and Child Work: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Ecuador
no DOI — not checkedref278
no DOI — not checkedref279
no DOI — not checkedCredit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information
no DOI — not checkedCrowding Out of Solidarity? Public Health Insurance versus Informal Transfer Networks in Ghana
no DOI — not checkedMaternity Benefits Mandate and Women's Choice of Work in Vietnam
no DOI — not checkedThe State of Social Safety Nets
no DOI — not checkedCoping with Disaster: The Impact of Hurricanes on International Financial Flows, 1970-2002
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