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Anticancer Activity of Metformin: A Systematic Review of the Literature
62/62 checkable references clean · checked 2026-07-24
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
12 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 62 checked references that resolve
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High glucose increases expression of cyclooxygenase‐2, increases oxidative stress and decreases the generation of nitric oxide in mouse microvessel endothelial cells
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Oxidative stress and increased eNOS and NADPH oxidase expression in mouse microvessel endothelial cells
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Insulin Sensitivity Among Obese Children and Adolescents, According to Degree of Weight Loss
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AMP-activated protein kinase—an energy sensor that regulates all aspects of cell function
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Metformin prescription patterns among US adolescents aged 10-19 years: 2009-2013
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Repurposing metformin for cancer treatment: current clinical studies
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The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration
resolves10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1500
Metformin Is an AMP Kinase–Dependent Growth Inhibitor for Breast Cancer Cells
resolves10.4161/cc.11.2.18813
Metformin targets Stat3 to inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancers
resolves10.7150/ijbs.29689
Activation of AMPK by metformin promotes renal cancer cell proliferation under glucose deprivation through its interaction with PKM2
resolves10.1186/s13046-019-1090-6
Low glucose and metformin-induced apoptosis of human ovarian cancer cells is connected to ASK1 via mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated pathways
resolves10.1016/j.canlet.2019.02.014
Metformin induces human esophageal carcinoma cell pyroptosis by targeting the miR-497/PELP1 axis
resolves10.3390/cancers11020209
Metformin Treatment Suppresses Melanoma Cell Growth and Motility Through Modulation of microRNA Expression
resolves10.1371/journal.pone.0192759
Antitumor effects of metformin via indirect inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A in patients with endometrial cancer
resolves10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.055
An Ancient, Unified Mechanism for Metformin Growth Inhibition in C. elegans and Cancer
resolves10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.023
The anti-proliferative effect of metformin in triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells is highly dependent on glucose concentration: Implications for cancer therapy and prevention
resolves10.1186/s12943-017-0701-0
Metformin suppresses cancer initiation and progression in genetic mouse models of pancreatic cancer
resolves10.1093/humrep/des203
Cleavage of endometrial -integrins into their functional forms is mediated by proprotein convertase 5/6
resolves10.1126/science.1120781
The Kinase LKB1 Mediates Glucose Homeostasis in Liver and Therapeutic Effects of Metformin
resolves10.1016/j.cmet.2004.12.003
AMP-activated protein kinase: Ancient energy gauge provides clues to modern understanding of metabolism
resolves10.1530/ERC-15-0402
Glucose-deprivation increases thyroid cancer cells sensitivity to metformin
resolves10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01630-8
Improved endothelial function with metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus
resolves10.1038/381800a0
Suppression of ceramide-mediated programmed cell death by sphingosine-1-phosphate
resolves10.1111/1751-2980.12576
Downregulation of gasdermin D promotes gastric cancer proliferation by regulating cell cycle‐related proteins
resolves10.1111/dom.13262
Epigenetic effects of metformin: From molecular mechanisms to clinical implications
resolves10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.008
Effect of metformin on estrogen and progesterone receptor-positive (MCF-7) and triple-negative (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells
resolves10.1080/10715762.2018.1485075
Inhibiting ROS-TFE3-dependent autophagy enhances the therapeutic response to metformin in breast cancer
resolves10.1007/s13410-017-0558-1
Current advances in the utilization of nanotechnology for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes
resolves10.3390/ijms17122000
Metformin Inhibits TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition via PKM2 Relative-mTOR/p70s6k Signaling Pathway in Cervical Carcinoma Cells
resolves10.1016/j.pharep.2017.11.007
Chemosensitizing effects of metformin on cisplatin- and paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines
resolves10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0348
Prevention of Tumor Growth Driven by
<i>PIK3CA</i>
and HPV Oncogenes by Targeting mTOR Signaling with Metformin in Oral Squamous Carcinomas Expressing OCT3
resolves10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.7.3275
Metformin Inhibits Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Inducing Apoptosis Via Mitochondrion-mediated Pathway
resolves10.1038/cddis.2011.86
Metformin inhibits melanoma development through autophagy and apoptosis mechanisms
resolves10.1002/ijc.28149
Mitochondrial modulation decreases the bortezomib-resistance in multiple myeloma cells
resolves10.1186/s12885-018-4344-3
Valproic acid sensitizes metformin-resistant human renal cell carcinoma cells by upregulating H3 acetylation and EMT reversal
resolves10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.01.005
Combination of metformin with chemotherapeutic drugs via different molecular mechanisms
resolves10.1530/ERC-15-0243
Effects of exercise dose on endogenous estrogens in postmenopausal women: a randomized trial
resolves10.18632/oncotarget.6373
Suppression of tumor angiogenesis by metformin treatment<i>via</i>a mechanism linked to targeting of HER2/HIF-1α/VEGF secretion axis
resolves10.1089/hum.2018.048
Synergistic Antitumor Effect on Bladder Cancer by Rational Combination of Programmed Cell Death 1 Blockade and CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Long Non-Coding RNA Urothelial Carcinoma Associated 1 Knockout
resolves10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.045
Metformin combined with quercetin synergistically repressed prostate cancer cells via inhibition of VEGF/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
resolves10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2689
Chemical Genomics Identifies the Unfolded Protein Response as a Target for Selective Cancer Cell Killing during Glucose Deprivation
resolves10.1038/oncsis.2015.18
Metformin induces ER stress-dependent apoptosis through miR-708-5p/NNAT pathway in prostate cancer
resolves10.1007/978-1-4939-7498-6_22
Measurement of Oxidative Stress: Mitochondrial Function Using the Seahorse System
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Intracellular Ca2+ release through ryanodine receptors contributes to AMPA receptor-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress in oligodendrocytes
resolves10.1074/jbc.RA118.001824
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress–induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) are detrimental for the fitness of a thioredoxin reductase mutant
resolves10.1371/journal.pone.0174486
Metformin inhibits gastric cancer cells metastatic traits through suppression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in a glucose-independent manner
resolves10.1038/onc.2011.495
Inhibiting PI3K reduces mammary tumor growth and induces hyperglycemia in a mouse model of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia
The 12 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedWexlerDJ. Initial management of blood glucose in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. NathanMD (Ed.). UpToDate (2019).
no DOI — not checkedCrowleyMJ DiamantidisCJ McDuffieJRet al.Metformin use in patients with historical contraindications or precautions. Department of Veterans Affairs (US) DC USA (2016). www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK409374/
no DOI — not checkedDigitalN. Increase in prescriptions for diabetes exceeds rise in overall prescribing (2017). www.digital.nhs.uk
no DOI — not checkedSharmaM , NazarethI , PetersenI. Trends in incidence, prevalence and prescribing in type 2 diabetes mellitus between 2000 and 2013 in primary care: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open2016(6), 10–12; e010210 (2015).
no DOI — not checkedAromatarisE MunnZ (Eds). Chapter 1: JBI Systematic Reviews. In: Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer's Manual. The Joanna Briggs Institute (2017).
no DOI — not checkedLuCC , ChiangJH , TsaiFJet al.Metformin triggers the intrinsic apoptotic response in human AGS gastric adenocarcinoma cells by activating AMPK and suppressing mTOR/AKT signaling. Int. J. Oncol.54(4), 1271–1281 (2019).
no DOI — not checkedStevenC PlaxeAJM. Overview of endometrial carcinomaGoffD DizonDS VoraSR FalkSJ (Eds). USA (2019).
no DOI — not checkedMcCullochDavid K. Metformin in the treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. FunnellM (Ed.). Sourcebook Inc. IL USA Topic 1809 Version 40.0 (2018).
no DOI — not checkedHeY , TanX , HuHet al.Metformin inhibits the migration and invasion of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells by downregulating the protein kinase B signaling pathway. Oncol. Lett.15(3), 2939–2945 (2018).
no DOI — not checkedLiZ , WangL , LuoNet al.Metformin inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells by suppressing the phosphorylation of Akt. Oncol. Lett.15(5), 7948–7954 (2018).
no DOI — not checkedAljofanM , LoMK , RotaPA , MichalskiWP , MungallBA. Off label antiviral therapeutics for henipaviruses: new light through old windows. J. Antivir. Antiretrovir.2(1), 1–10 (2010).
no DOI — not checkedSuT , LiaoB , DongYet al.Effect of metformin on colorectal carcinoma in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a Markov model analysis. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi20(6), 689–693 (2017).
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