Reference health
Long Tail Strings: Impact of the Dalkon Shield 40 Years Later
30/30 checkable references clean · checked 2026-07-22
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
43 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 30 checked references that resolve
resolves10.2105/AJPH.90.9.1403
Patterns of contraceptive use in 5 European countries. European Study Group on Infertility and Subfecundity
resolves10.1363/3809006
Disparities in Rates of Unintended Pregnancy In the United States, 1994 and 2001
resolves10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01726-4
Obstetrician-gynecologists and the intrauterine device: a survey of attitudes and practice
resolves10.1097/01.AOG.0000245447.56585.a0
Young Pregnant Women’s Knowledge of Modern Intrauterine Devices
resolves10.1016/j.contraception.2008.04.119
Adolescent and young adult women's knowledge of and attitudes toward the intrauterine device
resolves10.1016/0002-9378(72)90302-X
Intrauterine contraceptive devices: Present status and future prospects
resolves10.1001/jama.1966.03100090098021
Effect of Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices on the Endometrium
resolves10.1056/NEJM198504113121501
Primary Tubal Infertility in Relation to the Use of an Intrauterine Device
resolves10.1016/0010-7824(90)90098-G
The TCu380A, TCu220C, multiload 250 and nova T IUDs at 3, 5 and 7 years of use — Results from three randomized multicentre trials
resolves10.1080/j.0001-6349.2005.00509.x
Reduction in hospitalized women with pelvic inflammatory disease in Oslo over the past decade
resolves10.1136/sti.54.4.239
Effects of various divalent cations on the survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in liquid media.
resolves10.1016/0002-9378(94)90083-3
Chlamydial serologic characteristics among intrauterine contraceptive device users: Does copper inhibit chlamydial infection in the female genital tract?
resolves10.1097/00006250-199102000-00019
Protective Effect of Intrauterine Release of Levonorgestrel on Pelvic Infection: Three Yearsʼ Comparative Experience of Levonorgestrel- and Copper-Releasing Intrauterine Devices
resolves10.1016/0010-7824(95)00253-7
Evidence against tailstrings increasing the rate of pelvic inflammatory disease among IUD users
resolves10.1056/NEJMoa010438
Use of Copper Intrauterine Devices and the Risk of Tubal Infertility among Nulligravid Women
resolves10.1016/0002-9378(89)90455-9
A prospective New Zealand study of fertility after removal of copper intrauterine contraceptive devices for conception and because of complications: A four-year study
resolves10.1016/j.contraception.2006.09.010
Use of IUD and subsequent fertility — follow-up after participation in a randomized clinical trial
resolves10.1097/01.olq.0000240344.20665.63
Pelvic Examination Findings and Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Asymptomatic Young Women Screened With a Nucleic Acid Amplification Test
resolves10.1097/01.AOG.0000291575.93944.1a
ACOG Committee Opinion No. 392: Intrauterine Device and Adolescents
The 43 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedKooiker, C.H. and Scutchfield, F.D. (1990) Barriers to Prescribing the Copper T380A Intrauterine Device by Physicians. Western Journal of Medicine, 153, 279-282.
no DOI — not checkedCollier, A. (2007) The Humble Little Condom: A History. Prometheus Books, Amherst, New York, 273-274, 285.
no DOI — not checkedDavis, H.J. and Lesinski, J. (1970) Mechanism of Action of Intrauterine Contraceptives in Women. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 36, 350-358.
no DOI — not checkedSupramid (2009). http://www.supramid.com/homeinfo.htm
no DOI — not checkedMintz, M. (1985) At Any Cost: Corporate Greed, Women and the Dalkon Shield. Pantheon Books, New York. At 27.
no DOI — not checkedSee Mintz, Supra Note 64-65, 176-177.
no DOI — not checkedHicks, K.M. (1994) Surviving the Dalkon Shield: Women v. the Pharmaceutical Industry. Teachers College Press, New York. At 43.
no DOI — not checkedHawkins, M.F. (1997) Unshielded: The Human Cost of the Dalkon Shield. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Buffalo, London. At 17.
no DOI — not checkedSee Mintz, Supra Note 99-100.
no DOI — not checkedPerry, S. and Dawson, J. (1985) Nightmare: Women and the Dalkon Shield. MacMillan Publishing Company, New York. At 75.
no DOI — not checkedSee Mintz, Supra Note 147.
no DOI — not checkedSee Mintz, Supra Note 162-167.
no DOI — not checkedLee, N.C., Rubin, G.L., Ory, H.W. and Burkman, R.T. (1983) Type of Intrauterine Device and the Risk of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 62, 1-6.
no DOI — not checkedBurkman, R.T. (1981) Association between Intrauterine Device and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 57, 269-276.
no DOI — not checkedBloss, R., Corneli, J., Moon, C. and Tomsich, L. (2010) The Dalkon Shield. http://www1.umn.edu/scitech/dalkfina.htm
no DOI — not checkedSee Perry and Dawson, Supra Note 36.
no DOI — not checkedIbid at 133-134.
no DOI — not checkedStaff Manual Guide (2010) Chapter 53, Postmarketing Surveillance and Epidemiology: Human Drugs
http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Surveillance/ucm129115.htm
no DOI — not checkedSee Hawkins, Supra Note 30.
no DOI — not checked“Dalkon Shield” CBS 60 Minutes. April 12, 1981.
no DOI — not checkedSee Mintz, Supra Note 208-209, 235-238.
no DOI — not checkedIbid at 267.
no DOI — not checkedSee Hawkins, Supra Note 39.
no DOI — not checkedRavishankar, L. (2010) Encouraging Internal Whistleblowing in Organizations.
http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/submitted/whistleblowing.html
no DOI — not checkedSee Mintz, Supra Note 227.
no DOI — not checkedIbid at 149-152.
no DOI — not checkedSee Hicks, Supra Note 6.
no DOI — not checkedIbid at 10.
no DOI — not checkedSobol, R.B. (1991) Bending the Law: The Story of the Dalkon Shield Bankruptcy. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. At 286, 341.
no DOI — not checkedIbid at 312,322.
no DOI — not checkedSee Hicks, Supra Note 7.
no DOI — not checkedBurkman, R.T. (1981) Association between Intrauterine Device and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 57, 269-276.
no DOI — not checkedCates Jr., W., op.cit., 1155-1159.
no DOI — not checkedOry, H.W. (1978) A Review of the Association between Intrauterine Devices and Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 20, 200-204.
no DOI — not checkedObituary “Hugh J. Davis,” New York Times, October 26, 1996.
no DOI — not checkedK4Health, IUD Toolkit, Frequently Asked Questions, 2010. http://www.k4health.org/node/974#5
no DOI — not checkedOry, H.W. (1981) Ectopic Pregnancy and Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices: New Perspectives. The Women’s Health Study. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 57, 137-144.
no DOI — not checkedSivin, I. (1999) Dose- and Age-Dependent Ectopic Pregnancy Risks with Intrauterine Contraception. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 78, 291-298.
no DOI — not checkedLee, N.C., Rubin, G.L. and Borucki, R. (1988) The Intrauterine Device and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Revisited: New Results from the Women’s Health Study. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 72, 1-6.
no DOI — not checkedMeyers, D., Wolff, T., Gregory, K., Marion, L., Moyer, V., Nelson, H., Petitti, D. and Sawaya, G.F. (2010) US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations for STI Screening.
http://www.ahrq.gov/Clinic/uspstf08/methods/stinfections.htm
no DOI — not checkedAmerican College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee (2005) Intrauterine Device, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology No. 59. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 105, 223-232.
no DOI — not checkedWorld Health Organization (2004) Intrauterine Devices. In: Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 3rd Edition, WHO, Geneva, 1-17. http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/mec/7_iud.pdf
no DOI — not checkedPatient Package Insert (2010) Paragard T380 Intrauterine Copper Contraceptive. Duramed Pharmaceutical, Inc., Subsidiary of Barr Pharmaceuticals, New York.
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