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Face race and sex impact visual fixation strategies for upright and inverted faces in 3‐ to 6‐year‐old children

https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.22362
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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21013openalex-snapshot
Connecting developmental trajectories: Biases in face processing from infancy to adulthood
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21183openalex-snapshot
I spy with my little eye: Typical, daily exposure to faces documented from a first‐person infant perspective
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21375openalex-snapshot
Visual selective attention biases contribute to the other‐race effect among 9‐month‐old infants
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.245openalex-snapshot
Recognition of faces of different species: a developmental study between 5 and 8 years of age
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-011-0340-9openalex-snapshot
Consistent left gaze bias in processing different facial cues
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2014.11.008openalex-snapshot
Developmental Origins of the Face Inversion Effect
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.11.013openalex-snapshot
First fixations in face processing: The more diagnostic they are the smaller the face-inversion effect
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.10.002openalex-snapshot
The role of age and ethnic group in face recognition memory: ERP evidence from a combined own-age and own-race bias study
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2013.09.005openalex-snapshot
Infants’ experience-dependent processing of male and female faces: Insights from eye tracking and event-related potentials
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2005.01.001openalex-snapshot
Infant categorization of faces: Ladies first
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.04.009openalex-snapshot
Facial experience during the first year
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2012.10.005openalex-snapshot
Where and how infants look: The development of scan paths and fixations in face perception
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.05.006openalex-snapshot
In infancy the timing of emergence of the other-race effect is dependent on face gender
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2008.11.001openalex-snapshot
The effect of inversion on 3- to 5-year-olds’ recognition of face and nonface visual objects
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2010.06.008openalex-snapshot
Similarity and difference in the processing of same- and other-race faces as revealed by eye tracking in 4- to 9-month-olds
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.11.006openalex-snapshot
The other-race effect in children from a multiracial population: A cross-cultural comparison
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.06.005openalex-snapshot
Are the perceptual biases found in chimeric face processing reflected in eye-movement patterns?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2015.02.006openalex-snapshot
Not all attention orienting is created equal: Recognition memory is enhanced when attention orienting involves distractor suppression
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.05.006openalex-snapshot
The NimStim set of facial expressions: Judgments from untrained research participants
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2014.05.010openalex-snapshot
Both children and adults scan faces of own and other races differently
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2021.107971openalex-snapshot
Dissociations between performance and visual fixations after subordinate- and basic-level training with novel objects
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0001-6918(03)00052-0openalex-snapshot
An own gender bias and the importance of hair in face recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2407(18)30022-3openalex-snapshot
Advances in Child Development and Behavior
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8760(03)00152-1openalex-snapshot
Development of face-sensitive event-related potentials during infancy: a review
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80734-5openalex-snapshot
Increased Activity in Human Visual Cortex during Directed Attention in the Absence of Visual Stimulation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01903-4openalex-snapshot
The many faces of configural processing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.76.4.587openalex-snapshot
Other-race face perception.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-1523.21.3.628openalex-snapshot
What causes the face inversion effect?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.760openalex-snapshot
Children's face recognition memory: More evidence for the cross-race effect.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.7.1.3openalex-snapshot
Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016548openalex-snapshot
Deficits in cross-race face learning: Insights from eye movements and pupillometry.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024494openalex-snapshot
Developing a side bias for conspecific faces during childhood.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027474openalex-snapshot
Looking at upside-down faces.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-023-00152-5openalex-snapshot
A domain-relevant framework for the development of face processing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1068/p3012openalex-snapshot
The Face-Inversion Effect as a Deficit in the Encoding of Configural Information: Direct Evidence
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1068/p3059openalex-snapshot
Developmental Changes in the Effect of Inversion: Using a Picture Book to Investigate Face Recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1068/p3331openalex-snapshot
Representation of the Gender of Human Faces by Infants: A Preference for Female
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1068/p5547openalex-snapshot
Information Processing during Face Recognition: The Effects of Familiarity, Inversion, and Morphing on Scanning Fixations
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1068/p6136openalex-snapshot
Two Faces of the Other-Race Effect: Recognition and Categorisation of Caucasian and Chinese Faces
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2013.823140openalex-snapshot
Sex differences and the own-gender bias in face recognition: A meta-analytic review
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2013.834016openalex-snapshot
Removing the own-race bias in face recognition by attentional shift using fixation crosses to diagnostic features: An eye-tracking study
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2017.1301614openalex-snapshot
Eye-tracking the own-gender bias in face recognition: Other-gender faces are viewed differently to own-gender faces
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500902972823openalex-snapshot
Asymmetry in face processing during childhood measured with chimeric faces
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2011.596946openalex-snapshot
Through the eyes of the own-race bias: Eye-tracking and pupillometry during face recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2008.222openalex-snapshot
Face Photo-Sketch Synthesis and Recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00152openalex-snapshot
Development of Face Processing: The Effect of Face Inversion
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12582openalex-snapshot
Asymmetrical responding to male versus female other‐race categories in 9‐ to 12‐month‐old infants
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13058openalex-snapshot
The development of race effects in face processing from childhood through adulthood: Neural and behavioral evidence
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13262openalex-snapshot
Development of upper visual field bias for faces in infants
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12180openalex-snapshot
Follow My Gaze: Face Race and Sex Influence Gaze‐Cued Attention in Infancy
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01554.xopenalex-snapshot
Reversibility of the Other-Race Effect in Face Recognition During Childhood
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00407.xopenalex-snapshot
Infants' Differential Processing of Female and Male Faces
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00324.xopenalex-snapshot
Effect of visual experience on face processing: a developmental study of inversion and non‐native effects
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00876.xopenalex-snapshot
The role of experience during childhood in shaping the other‐race effect
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01067.xopenalex-snapshot
Developing cultural differences in face processing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01138.xopenalex-snapshot
Building biases in infancy: the influence of race on face and voice emotion matching
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01170.xopenalex-snapshot
Biracial and monoracial infant own‐race face perception: an eye tracking study
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1984.tb00437.xopenalex-snapshot
The Emergence of Same-Sex Affiliative Preferences among Preschool Peers: A Developmental/Ethological Perspective
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00503.xopenalex-snapshot
A Domain-General Theory of the Development of Perceptual Discrimination
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02191.xopenalex-snapshot
Two Fixations Suffice in Face Recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7078.2011.00107.xopenalex-snapshot
An Eye‐Tracking Investigation of Developmental Changes in Infants’ Exploration of Upright and Inverted Human Faces
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1988.tb02747.xopenalex-snapshot
Upside‐down faces: A review of the effect of inversion upon face recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12380openalex-snapshot
Visual attention to members of own and other groups: Preferences, determinants, and consequences
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102753openalex-snapshot
Face Processing in Infancy and Beyond: The Case of Social Categories
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1167/13.2.22openalex-snapshot
Does face inversion qualitatively change face processing: An eye movement study using a face change detection task
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1167/15.12.708openalex-snapshot
Face age affects the way we visually process and recognize faces: a study with adult and infant faces
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1167/15.13.12openalex-snapshot
Initial eye movements during face identification are optimal and similar across cultures
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1167/16.12.497openalex-snapshot
Dominance Elicits the Own-Gender Bias in Males
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1167/9.2.7openalex-snapshot
Viewpoint and center of gravity affect eye movements to human faces
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167289151002openalex-snapshot
Cross-Racial Identification
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025412467584openalex-snapshot
Development of face scanning for own- and other-race faces in infancy
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025416651735openalex-snapshot
An adult face bias in infants that is modulated by face race
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0301006618794943openalex-snapshot
Adults’ Markers of Face Processing Are Present at Age 6 and Are Interconnected Along Development
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616663142openalex-snapshot
From Caregivers to Peers
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412474459openalex-snapshot
Developmental Origins of the Other-Race Effect
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417690276openalex-snapshot
Face Race Processing and Racial Bias in Early Development: A Perceptual-Social Linkage
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721418769884openalex-snapshot
Attention and Perceptual Learning Interact in the Development of the Other-Race Effect
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1059712307078661openalex-snapshot
The Neural Basis for Visual Selective Attention in Young Infants: A Computational Account
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327078in0602_8openalex-snapshot
Evidence of the Face Inversion Effect in 4‐Month‐Old Infants
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018621openalex-snapshot
Caucasian Infants Scan Own- and Other-Race Faces Differently
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031106openalex-snapshot
Start Position Strongly Influences Fixation Patterns during Face Processing: Difficulties with Eye Movements as a Measure of Information Use
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233008openalex-snapshot
Emotional facial perception development in 7, 9 and 11 year-old children: The emergence of a silent eye-tracked emotional other-race effect
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/brm.42.3.671openalex-snapshot
Controlling low-level image properties: The SHINE toolbox

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Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4687772openalex-extracted
Self-Face Processing in Relation to Self-Referential Tasks in 24-Month-Old Infants: A Study Through Eye Movements and Pupillometry Measures
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-025-02209-xopenalex-snapshot
Beyond race: social group labels and reward motivation override racial features in children’s face recognition
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106047openalex-snapshot
Face to face: The eyes as an anchor in multimodal communication
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2024.103803openalex-snapshot
Self-face processing in relation to self-referential tasks in 24-month-old infants: A study through eye movements and pupillometry measures
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3719009openalex-snapshot
Eye Tracking for Infant Populations: A Comparison of Methods and Best Practices: Eye Tracking for Infant Populations
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