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Long‐term exclusion of invasive ungulates alters tree recruitment and functional traits but not total forest carbon

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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

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Implementing integrated measurements of Essential Biodiversity Variables at a national scale
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Stasis in forest regeneration following deer exclusion and understory gap creation: A 10‐year experiment
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Patterns and potential drivers of intraspecific variability in the body C, N, and P composition of a terrestrial consumer, the snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus )
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Uncovering the different scales in deer–forest interactions
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2230openalex-snapshot
The complexity of interacting nutritional drivers behind food selection, a review of northern cervids
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Biological Invasions and Ecosystem Processes: Towards an Integration of Population Biology and Ecosystem Studies
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1501-yopenalex-snapshot
Rapid development of phosphorus limitation in temperate rainforest along the Franz Josef soil chronosequence
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-016-0084-xopenalex-snapshot
Nationally Representative Plot Network Reveals Contrasting Drivers of Net Biomass Change in Secondary and Old-Growth Forests
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-020-00509-4openalex-snapshot
Above- and Below-ground Cascading Effects of Wild Ungulates in Temperate Forests
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0508-xopenalex-snapshot
Vegetation response to removal of non-native feral pigs from Hawaiian tropical montane wet forest
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1372-xopenalex-snapshot
Impacts of invasive biota in forest ecosystems in an aboveground–belowground context
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02224-6openalex-snapshot
Plant invasions in New Zealand: global lessons in prevention, eradication and control
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-013-0208-8openalex-snapshot
Cold tolerance of photosynthesis as a determinant of tree species regeneration patterns in an evergreen temperate forest
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2010.09.010openalex-snapshot
Influence of foliar traits on forage selection by introduced red deer in New Zealand
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.04.033openalex-snapshot
Impacts of culling and exclusion of browsers on vegetation recovery across New Zealand forests
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.06.037openalex-snapshot
Disentangling drivers of tree population size distributions
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.05.003openalex-snapshot
Modelling the growth of young rainforest trees for biomass estimates and carbon sequestration accounting
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.02.026openalex-snapshot
A strategic forest inventory for public land in Victoria, Australia
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.10.038openalex-snapshot
Interactions between white-tailed deer density and the composition of forest understories in the northern United States
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.11.023openalex-snapshot
The effects of introduced ungulates on native and alien plant species in an island ecosystem: Implications for change in a diverse mesic forest in the Hawaiian Islands
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.05.016openalex-snapshot
Effects of wild ungulates on the regeneration, structure and functioning of temperate forests: A semi-quantitative review
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.09.049openalex-snapshot
Long-term effects of wild ungulates on the structure, composition and succession of temperate forests
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117463openalex-snapshot
Stand carbon density drivers and changes under future climate scenarios across global forests
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Herbivore Impacts on Carbon Cycling in Boreal Forests
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(00)00188-9openalex-snapshot
Top down or bottom up? Comparing the impacts of introduced arboreal possums and ‘terrestrial’ ruminants on native forests in New Zealand
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00592-8openalex-snapshot
Designing systems to monitor carbon stocks in forests and shrublands
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(03)00130-0openalex-snapshot
Direct and indirect effects of white-tailed deer in forest ecosystems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(98)00415-0openalex-snapshot
Effects of bark-stripping by Sika deer (Cervus nippon) on population dynamics of a mixed forest in Japan
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04096-wopenalex-snapshot
Invasive alien pests threaten the carbon stored in Europe’s forests
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-021-01088-5openalex-snapshot
Old and ancient trees are life history lottery winners and vital evolutionary resources for long-term adaptive capacity
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0275-7openalex-snapshot
Direct and cascading impacts of tropical land-use change on multi-trophic biodiversity
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00520.xopenalex-snapshot
Disturbances prevent stem size‐density distributions in natural forests from following scaling relationships
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.15099.xopenalex-snapshot
Factors Preventing the Recovery of New Zealand Forests Following Control of Invasive Deer
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901970106openalex-snapshot
Re-evaluation of forest biomass carbon stocks and lessons from the world's most carbon-dense forests
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114openalex-snapshot
Natural climate solutions
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820601116openalex-snapshot
Biomass losses resulting from insect and disease invasions in US forests
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.2016.1158196openalex-snapshot
The formation of the oceanic temperate forests of New Zealand
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2002.9518316openalex-snapshot
Diet and diet preferences of introduced ungulates (Order: Artiodactyla) in New Zealand
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2019.1652193openalex-snapshot
New Zealand as a leader in conservation practice and invasion management
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2019.1653940openalex-snapshot
Scale and complexity implications of making New Zealand predator‐free by 2050
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab079openalex-snapshot
Deer exclusion unveils abiotic filtering in forest understorey plant assemblages
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/47.1.9openalex-snapshot
Modeling Annual Carbon Uptake for the Indigenous Forests of New Zealand
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-194501000-00006openalex-snapshot
DETERMINATION OF TOTAL, ORGANIC, AND AVAILABLE FORMS OF PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12785openalex-snapshot
Moose directly slow plant regeneration but have limited indirect effects on soil stoichiometry and litter decomposition rates in disturbed maritime boreal forests
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13376openalex-snapshot
Synthesizing the effects of large, wild herbivore exclusion on ecosystem function
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13622openalex-snapshot
Forest damage by deer depends on cross‐scale interactions between climate, deer density and landscape structure
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14095openalex-snapshot
The long‐term impacts of deer herbivory in determining temperate forest stand and canopy structural complexity
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12234openalex-snapshot
Soil‐mediated effects of invasive ungulates on native tree seedlings
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12345openalex-snapshot
Novel interactions between non‐native mammals and fungi facilitate establishment of invasive pines
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13566openalex-snapshot
Climate influences the value of a plant structural defence against browsing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12512openalex-snapshot
piecewiseSEM : Piecewise structural equation modelling in r for ecology, evolution, and systematics
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12290openalex-snapshot
The ecology, distribution, conservation and management of large old trees
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.13149openalex-snapshot
Chronic browsing by an introduced mammalian herbivore in a tropical island alters species composition and functional traits of forest understory plant communities
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12288openalex-snapshot
Applying trait‐based models to achieve functional targets for theory‐driven ecological restoration
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15769openalex-snapshot
Unrecognized threat to global soil carbon by a widespread invasive species
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12747openalex-snapshot
Global importance of large‐diameter trees
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.00991.xopenalex-snapshot
Foliar fibre predicts diet selection by invasive Red Deer Cervus elaphus scoticus in a temperate New Zealand forest
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01670.xopenalex-snapshot
Interspecific relationships among growth, mortality and xylem traits of woody species from New Zealand
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02038.xopenalex-snapshot
Effects of biological invasions on forest carbon sequestration
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01012.xopenalex-snapshot
The hare, the tortoise and the crocodile: the ecology of angiosperm dominance, conifer persistence and fern filtering
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01261.xopenalex-snapshot
Resistance and resilience of New Zealand tree species to browsing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01714.xopenalex-snapshot
Stand development moderates effects of ungulate exclusion on foliar traits in the forests of New Zealand
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00185.xopenalex-snapshot
Carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems: do browsing and grazing herbivores matter?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109x.2007.tb00507.xopenalex-snapshot
Sampling plant functional traits: What proportion of the species need to be measured?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109x.2011.01146.xopenalex-snapshot
New Zealand's forest and shrubland communities: a quantitative classification based on a nationally representative plot network
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2010.01217.xopenalex-snapshot
Fluctuating ungulate density shapes tree recruitment in natural stands of the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00261.xopenalex-snapshot
A general and simple method for obtaining R 2 from generalized linear mixed‐effects models
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201609openalex-snapshot
A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World’s Forests
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar3213openalex-snapshot
Animals and the zoogeochemistry of the carbon cycle
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-104730openalex-snapshot
Food Webs and Ecosystems: Linking Species Interactions to the Carbon Cycle
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105725openalex-snapshot
Ecological Impacts of Deer Overabundance
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206711openalex-snapshot
On the prevalence of uninformative parameters in statistical models applying model selection in applied ecology
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01openalex-snapshot
Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2001)071[0587:ibminz]2.0.co;2openalex-snapshot
INTRODUCED BROWSING MAMMALS IN NEW ZEALAND NATURAL FORESTS: ABOVEGROUND AND BELOWGROUND CONSEQUENCES
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1890/02-0274openalex-snapshot
HERBIVORE-MEDIATED LINKAGES BETWEEN ABOVEGROUND AND BELOWGROUND COMMUNITIES
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1129.1openalex-snapshot
SHIFTS IN SOUTHERN WISCONSIN FOREST CANOPY AND UNDERSTORY RICHNESS, COMPOSITION, AND HETEROGENEITY
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1890/08-2244.1openalex-snapshot
A distance‐based framework for measuring functional diversity from multiple traits
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1890/15-1176openalex-snapshot
Nonnative forest insects and pathogens in the United States: Impacts and policy options
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0145:hcilhm]2.0.co;2openalex-snapshot
Human-Induced Changes in Large Herbivorous Mammal Density: The Consequences for Decomposers
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.42.18openalex-snapshot
New Zealand forest dynamics: a review of past and present vegetation responses to disturbance, and development of conceptual forest models
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/3565731openalex-snapshot
Biological Invasions and Ecosystem Processes: Towards an Integration of Population Biology and Ecosystem Studies
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/3802723openalex-snapshot
Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2984/67.2.1openalex-snapshot
Biology and Impacts of Pacific Island Invasive Species. 9.Capra hircus, the Feral Goat (Mammalia: Bovidae)
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.32614/cran.package.aiccmodavgopenalex-snapshot
AICcmodavg: Model Selection and Multimodel Inference Based on (Q)AIC(c)
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.32614/r.manualsopenalex-snapshot
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2020.00058openalex-snapshot
Forests and Decarbonization – Roles of Natural and Planted Forests
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8642enopenalex-snapshot
The State of the World’s Forests 2020
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1509.01845openalex-snapshot
piecewiseSEM: Piecewise structural equation modeling in R for ecology, evolution, and systematics
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.7931/m6rm-vz40openalex-snapshot
New Zealand Environmental Data Stack (NZEnvDS)
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.7931/xgmp-d132openalex-snapshot
Ungulate exclusion and forest carbon stocks

What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

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Effects of forest disturbances and an introduced ungulate on carbon storage in boreal forests
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.11015openalex-snapshot
Land cover preferences and spatiotemporal associations of ungulates within a Scottish mammal community
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08550openalex-snapshot
Regeneration failure, fire, topography, and climate interact to drive temperate wet forest landscapes into fire traps
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4460openalex-snapshot
Effects of multiple mammalian herbivores and climate on grassland–shrubland transitions in the Chihuahuan Desert
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.70153openalex-snapshot
Carbon and corms: Introduced ungulates and saltwater intrusion variably impact coastal floodplain ecosystem services in the Laynhapuy Indigenous Protected Area, northern Australia
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-026-03938-9openalex-snapshot
Coexisting invaders: minimal spatiotemporal partitioning between two ungulates on an island
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-025-02145-6openalex-snapshot
Predicting carbon storage in North American maritime boreal forests under combined disturbances
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-026-01669-4openalex-snapshot
Consequences of a dieback disease on carbon stocks and fluxes in forests dominated by a susceptible foundation species
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110637openalex-snapshot
Are populations of trees threatened by non-native herbivorous mammals more secure in New Zealand's national parks?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2024.121938openalex-snapshot
Reduction in forest carbon stocks by sika deer-induced stand structural alterations
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123392openalex-snapshot
When does fencing work? A global synthesis of deer impacts on vegetation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2026.124197openalex-snapshot
Transformation of the net ecosystem carbon balance in cool-temperate forests by sika deer-induced alteration of stand structure and subsequent soil erosion
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123146openalex-snapshot
Protection of understory vegetation by deer exclosure fences prevent the reduction of beech growth due to soil erosion
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100657openalex-snapshot
Assessment of climatic influences on net primary productivity along elevation gradients in temperate ecoregions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128967openalex-snapshot
Wild ungulates and carbon dynamics in Mediterranean peri-urban forests: Evaluating their impact on soil and biomass carbon storage
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.28.685131openalex-snapshot
An integrative review of the impact of ungulates on wetland carbon storage and greenhouse gas emissions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14636openalex-snapshot
Ecological succession shapes size–density scaling relationships of trees and soil invertebrates
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14544openalex-snapshot
Hunting of sika deer over six decades does not restore forest regeneration
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.13107openalex-snapshot
Zoogeochemistry of a protected area: Driven by anthropogenic impacts and animal behavior
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12345openalex-snapshot
Origin matters? Comparing impacts of native and introduced ungulates in European protected areas
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7365722openalex-snapshot
Ungulate management impacts on native forest mortality in Hawai‘i
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A Study on the Prediction of Long-Term Carbon Absorption by Applying the Renewal Scenario of Forest in Korea
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