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District heating and cooling: Review of technology and potential enhancements

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.04.020
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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-114x(19970610)21:7<643::aid-er284>3.0.co;2-iopenalex-snapshot
ON EXERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-114x(199904)23:5<415::aid-er489>3.0.co;2-7openalex-snapshot
Second-law analysis: approaches and implications
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-114x(19991025)23:13<1153::aid-er545>3.0.co;2-yopenalex-snapshot
Exergy analysis of waste emissions
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4685-2openalex-snapshot
Thermodynamic Optimization of Complex Energy Systems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4685-2_15openalex-snapshot
The Intimate Connection Between Exergy and the Environment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-176480-x/00214-xopenalex-snapshot
District Heating and Cooling
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/c2016-0-02067-3openalex-snapshot
Exergy: Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2005.09.005openalex-snapshot
Resource-effective systems achieved through changes in energy supply and industrial use: The Volvo–Skövde case
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2006.02.001openalex-snapshot
Role of a district-heating network as a user of waste-heat supply from various sources – the case of Göteborg
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2007.02.009openalex-snapshot
Future use of heat pumps in Swedish district heating systems: Short- and long-term impact of policy instruments and planned investments
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2007.07.011openalex-snapshot
Sparse district-heating in Sweden
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.01.006openalex-snapshot
Profitability of sparse district heating
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.11.020openalex-snapshot
Energy and exergy analyses on a novel hybrid solar heating, cooling and power generation system for remote areas
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.03.007openalex-snapshot
Emission operational strategy for combined cooling, heating, and power systems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.03.011openalex-snapshot
Increased use of district heating in industrial processes – Impacts on heat load duration
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.11.014openalex-snapshot
Analysis of combined cooling, heating, and power systems based on source primary energy consumption
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.11.032openalex-snapshot
Biomass gasification in district heating systems – The effect of economic energy policies
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.12.015openalex-snapshot
Improved district heating substation efficiency with a new control strategy
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.02.002openalex-snapshot
Possibilities and consequences of deregulation of the European electricity market for connection of heat sparse areas to district heating systems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.09.020openalex-snapshot
Heat distribution and the future competitiveness of district heating
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.10.037openalex-snapshot
Achieving better energy-efficient air conditioning – A review of technologies and strategies
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.11.029openalex-snapshot
Flexibility of a combined heat and power system with thermal energy storage for district heating
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.06.031openalex-snapshot
Hydraulic performance of a new district heating systems with distributed variable speed pumps
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2004.05.008openalex-snapshot
Efficiency analysis of a cogeneration and district energy system
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.02.039openalex-snapshot
Integrated conceptual design of a robust and reliable waste-heat district heating system
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.08.011openalex-snapshot
Scheme-selection optimization of cooling and heating sources based on exergy analysis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.09.027openalex-snapshot
Particle emissions from district heating units operating on three commonly used biofuels
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.10.009openalex-snapshot
Design of biomass district heating systems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.11.001openalex-snapshot
Energy and exergy analysis of geothermal district heating systems: an application
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.03.007openalex-snapshot
Effect of reference state on the performance of energy and exergy evaluation of geothermal district heating systems: Balcova example
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2003.09.009openalex-snapshot
Energy efficiency and economic feasibility of CCHP driven by stirling engine
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2006.10.010openalex-snapshot
Economic appraisal of small biofuel fired CHP plants
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2004.05.016openalex-snapshot
Energy recovery from industrial waste of a confectionery plant by means of BIGFC plant
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2005.02.005openalex-snapshot
HEATSPOT—a simulation tool for national district heating analyses
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2005.11.003openalex-snapshot
Integrating renewable sources of energy into an existing combined heat and power system
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2006.09.004openalex-snapshot
Exploring the impact on cost and electricity production of high penetration levels of intermittent electricity in OECD Europe and the USA, results for wind energy
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2009.11.023openalex-snapshot
The role of district heating in future renewable energy systems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.03.001openalex-snapshot
Achieving energy self-sufficiency by integrating renewables into companies' supply networks
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.04.004openalex-snapshot
Economic and environmental optimization model for the design and the operation of a combined heat and power distributed generation system in an urban area
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.06.028openalex-snapshot
GIS-based assessment of the district heating potential in the USA
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2003.12.011openalex-snapshot
Economic and environmental efficiency of district heating plants
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2004.03.019openalex-snapshot
Efficiency gains in Danish district heating. Is there anything to learn from benchmarking?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.04.005openalex-snapshot
Life cycle assessment of fuels for district heating: A comparison of waste incineration, biomass- and natural gas combustion
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.04.026openalex-snapshot
Internalising external costs of electricity and heat production in a municipal energy system
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2003.06.001openalex-snapshot
Geothermal space heating
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2004.11.008openalex-snapshot
Waste-to-energy based greenhouse heating: exploring viability conditions through optimisation models
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2003.11.002openalex-snapshot
Effects of planned expansion of waste incineration in the Swedish district heating systems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0038-092x(00)00117-1openalex-snapshot
Combined solar–biomass district heating in Austria
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0038-092x(00)00125-0openalex-snapshot
Solar-Assisted District Heating Plants: Status of the German Programme Solarthermie-2000
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0196-8904(02)00121-8openalex-snapshot
Geothermal district heating applications in Turkey: a case study of Izmir–Balcova
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0196-8904(03)00047-5openalex-snapshot
Thermoeconomic analysis of power plants: an application to a coal fired electrical generating station
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4215(01)00079-9openalex-snapshot
The role of exergy in energy policy making
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-2619(02)00010-7openalex-snapshot
CO2 payback–time assessment of a regional-scale heating and cooling system using a ground source heat–pump in a high energy–consumption area in Tokyo
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0360-5442(02)00165-2openalex-snapshot
Heating detached houses in urban areas
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s1290-0729(00)00225-8openalex-snapshot
An environomic approach for the modeling and optimization of a district heating network based on centralized and decentralized heat pumps, cogeneration and/or gas furnace. Part II: Application
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s1290-0729(00)00226-xopenalex-snapshot
An environomic approach for the modeling and optimization of a district heating network based on centralized and decentralized heat pumps, cogeneration and/or gas furnace. Part I: Methodology
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-4311(03)00018-8openalex-snapshot
The role of a paper mill in a merged district heating system
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-4311(96)00024-5openalex-snapshot
Technological recovery potential of waste heat in the industry of the Basque Country
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s1471-0846(06)70660-6openalex-snapshot
Geothermal energy focus
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1049/pbpo055eopenalex-snapshot
Local Energy: Distributed generation of heat and power
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/01998590109509325openalex-snapshot
Heat Exchanger Connection in Substations A Tool of Decreasing Return Temperature in District Heating Networks
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1115/1.859537openalex-snapshot
Handbook for Cogeneration and Combined Cycle Power Plants
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0819openalex-snapshot
Thermodynamic Assessment of the Components Comprising an Integrated System for Cogeneration and District Heating and Cooling
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2009-0006openalex-snapshot
DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM DESIGN FOR RURAL NOVA SCOTIAN COMMUNITIES USING BUILDING SIMULATION AND ENERGY USAGE DATABASES
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/014362448100200411openalex-snapshot
District heating and cooling for energy conservation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0270467607313953openalex-snapshot
Economic Assessment of Rural District Heating by Bio-Steam Supplied by a Paper Mill in Canada
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1243/095765003322407539openalex-snapshot
Energy and exergy use in the industrial sector of Saudi Arabia
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1504/ijetm.2003.004120openalex-snapshot
Participatory methods: a tool for the improvement of innovative environmental technologies
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1504/ijetm.2009.023743openalex-snapshot
Recycling industrial waste heat for sustainable district heating: a multi-actor perspective
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1504/ijgw.2009.027078openalex-snapshot
Combating global warming via non-fossil fuel energy options
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/3106317openalex-snapshot
District Heating Comes to Town: The Social Shaping of an Energy System
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315793245-111openalex-snapshot
Geothermal Energy Focus: Tapping the Earth’s Natural Heat

What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

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Optimal control of district heating networks using a reduced order model
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Parametric model order reduction for district heating networks
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Towards Autonomous Knowledge Creation from Big Data in Smart Cities
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Konjic District Heating System Sustainability Parameters
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Stability Preserving Model Order Reduction for District Heating Networks
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A Critical Review of District Heating and District Cooling Socioeconomic and Environmental Benefits
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Clean and Renewable Energy
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Introduction
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District Heating Systems
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Advanced Applications of Integrating Renewable Energy into Local and District Heating Systems
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Evaluation of the Cost of Using Power Plant Reject Heat in Low-Temperature District Heating and Cooling Networks
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Technology Assessment: Developing Geothermal Energy Resources for Supporting Electrical System in Oregon
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Sustainable Architecture and Construction
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Waste-to-Resource (WTR) Green Supply Chain
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Introduction
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Feasibility of a District Cooling System in Technical and Vocational Institutions
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Application of Nonlinear Topology Optimization Method in Staged Construction of District Heating Network Engineering
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Critical Component Identification Study of Uncontrollable Heating Systems
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Updated energy policy of the Czech Republic may result in instability of the electricity grid in Central Europe
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Joint and conditional dependence modeling of peak district heating demand and outdoor temperature: a copula-based approach
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Impact of Borehole Connections on Thermal Recovery and Economic Performance in Borehole Thermal Energy Storage Systems
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Nonlinear optimization of district heating networks
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Environmental analysis of a potential district heating network powered by a large-scale cogeneration plant
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District heating networks: an inter-comparison of environmental indicators
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The potential of WHR/batch and cullet preheating for energy efficiency in the EU ETS glass industry and the related energy incentives
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Public preferences for district heating system over individual heating system: a view from national energy efficiency
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Worldwide scientific landscape on district heating systems
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Influence of household air-conditioning use modes on the energy performance of residential district cooling systems
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Geothermal-integrated thermally anisotropic building envelope for energy and peak-demand reduction
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Development of a Network-location-model for the Economic Optimization of Local Heating Systems in Urban Chile
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Failure Analysis of a Water Wall Boiler Tube for Power Generation in a District Heating System
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On variations of space-heating energy use in office buildings
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Hydraulic performance of a new district heating systems with distributed variable speed pumps
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.07.031openalex-snapshot
Matching analysis for on-site hybrid renewable energy systems of office buildings with extended indices
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Optimization of a Distributed Cogeneration System with solar district heating
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A novel renewable polygeneration system for a small Mediterranean volcanic island for the combined production of energy and water: Dynamic simulation and economic assessment
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Smart district heating networks – A simulation study of prosumers’ impact on technical parameters in distribution networks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.11.014openalex-snapshot
Performance assessment of district cooling systems for a new development district at planning stage
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The location as an energy efficiency and renewable energy supply measure for data centres in Europe
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.023openalex-snapshot
Industrial excess heat use: Systems analysis and CO2 emissions reduction
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.05.023openalex-snapshot
Multi-objective optimization and decision making for power dispatch of a large-scale integrated energy system with distributed DHCs embedded
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.08.076openalex-snapshot
Modeling and optimization of building mix and energy supply technology for urban districts
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.09.027openalex-snapshot
Genetic optimization of multi-plant heat production in district heating networks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.09.098openalex-snapshot
Application of eco-efficiency in a coal-burning power plant benefitting both the environment and citizens: Design of a ‘city water heating’ system
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.161openalex-snapshot
Evaluation of the cost of using power plant reject heat in low-temperature district heating and cooling networks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.073openalex-snapshot
Achieving annual and monthly net-zero energy of existing building in hot climate
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.095openalex-snapshot
Selecting the optimum pressure drop per unit length of district heating piping network based on operating strategies
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.092openalex-snapshot
Thermal performance of a steady state physical pipe model for simulating district heating grids with variable flow
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Evaluation of a multiple linear regression model and SARIMA model in forecasting heat demand for district heating system
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Strategic planning for sustainable heating in cities: A morphological method for scenario development and selection
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Coordinated scheduling strategy to optimize conflicting benefits for daily operation of integrated electricity and gas networks
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On the benefit of integration of a district heating system with industrial excess heat: An economic and environmental analysis
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Polygeneration as a future sustainable energy solution – A comprehensive review
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Geochemical implications of production and storage control by coupling a direct-use geothermal system with heat networks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.081openalex-snapshot
The reliability and availability evaluation of repairable district heating networks under changeable external conditions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.07.104openalex-snapshot
Comparative analysis of optimal operation strategies for district heating and cooling system based on design and actual load
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.022openalex-snapshot
Quantitative evaluation of the impact of building load characteristics on energy performance of district cooling systems
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.035openalex-snapshot
Fault detection and operation optimization in district heating substations based on data mining techniques
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A novel stochastic modeling method to simulate cooling loads in residential districts
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Implementation of expansion planning in existing district energy system: A case study in China
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Does climate influence energy demand? A regional analysis
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Environmental and economic assessment of borehole thermal energy storage in district heating systems
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.080openalex-snapshot
Exploiting waste heat potential by long distance heat transmission: Design considerations and techno-economic assessment
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.145openalex-snapshot
Energy and exergy efficiencies assessment for a stratified cold thermal energy storage
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Thermal request optimization in district heating networks using a clustering approach
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Model for optimal malfunction management in extended district heating networks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.08.064openalex-snapshot
Performance comparison between optimized design of a centralized and semi-decentralized community size solar district heating system
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.206openalex-snapshot
Investigating influential techno-economic factors for combined heat and power production using optimization and metamodeling
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.11.094openalex-snapshot
Economic and environmental potential for solar assisted central heating plants in the EU residential sector: Contribution to the 2030 climate and energy EU agenda
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A data-driven approach for discovering heat load patterns in district heating
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Automatic fouling detection in district heating substations: Methodology and tests
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An integrated model of coupled heat and power sectors for large-scale energy system analyses
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Modelling of national and local interactions between heat and electricity networks in low-carbon energy systems
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Simulating thermal energy community formation: Institutional enablers outplaying technological choice
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AI-based enviro-economic optimization of solar-coupled and standalone geothermal systems for heating and cooling
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119401openalex-snapshot
Historical decarbonization of global commercial building operations in the 21st century
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Optimizing pipe network design and central plant positioning of district heating and cooling System: A Graph-Based Multi-Objective genetic algorithm approach
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Explainable district heat load forecasting with active deep learning
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Temperature control strategies for fifth generation district heating and cooling systems: A review and case study
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Cavern thermal energy storage: State of play and prospects
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District heating and cooling for business buildings in Madrid
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An overview of the political, technical and economical aspects of gas-fired distributed energy system in China
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Waste-to-energy facility planning under uncertain circumstances
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Development of a CHP/DH system for the new town of Parand: An opportunity to mitigate global warming in Middle East
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State estimation of district heating network based on customer measurements
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Operation optimization of existing district heating systems
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District cooling network connected to a solar power tower
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Thermodynamic analysis and performance assessment of an integrated heat pump system for district heating applications
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.09.012openalex-snapshot
Thermo-economic optimization of a real polygenerative district
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Towards the increased utilisation of geothermal energy in a district heating network through the use of a heat storage
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Design optimisation of smart poly-generation energy districts through a model based approach
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Diameter optimization of district heating and cooling piping network based on hourly load
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Criticalities of district heating in Southern Europe: Lesson learned from a CHP-DH in Central Italy
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Thermo-economic assessment and application of CCHP system with dehumidification and hybrid refrigeration
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Performance characteristics and working fluid selection for low-temperature binary-flashing cycle
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Energy-saving mechanism and parametric analysis of the high back-pressure heating process in a 300 MW coal-fired combined heat and power unit
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Towards a cleaner domestic heating sector in China: Current situations, implementation strategies, and supporting measures
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Recent developments of thermal energy storage applications in the built environment: A bibliometric analysis and systematic review
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Efficiency improvement of a fuel cell cogeneration plant linked with district heating: Construction of a water condensation latent heat recovery system and analysis of real operational data
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Optimal control of outdoor transmission and distribution pipe networks for district heating and cooling systems
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Evaluation of heat transfer correlations based on input parameters in a solar parabolic trough collector using supercritical carbon dioxide
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Numerical investigation of a district scale groundwater heat pump system: A case study from Colchester, UK
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A Rome district transition towards optimal and sustainable heat and power generation
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A novel adaptive adjustment Kolmogorov-Arnold network for heat load prediction in district heating systems
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Heating in human-HVAC interaction for smart homes: An interdisciplinary overview
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Optimal spatial resource allocation in networks: Application to district heating and cooling
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A new correlation for performance prediction of small and large capacity single-effect vapor absorption refrigeration systems
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Effect of cylinder proximity to the wall on channel flow heat transfer enhancement
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Effect of operating temperature conditions in 21-year-old insulated pipe for a district heating network
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Energy performance of direct-expansion solar heat pump integrated with thermal network
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Review of machine learning techniques for energy sharing and biomass waste gasification pathways in integrating solar greenhouses into smart energy systems
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Performance Assessment of District Cooling System Coupled with Different Energy Technologies in Subtropical Area
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The Effect of Energy Efficiency Improvements on the Development of 4th Generation District Heating
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Life Cycle Assessment of Residential Heating Systems: A Comparison of Distributed and Centralized Systems
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Assessment of the Thermal Energy Storage in Friedrichshafen District Energy Systems
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Assessing the techno-economic impact of low-temperature subnets in conventional district heating networks
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A feasibility study on the potential expansion of the district heating network of Turin
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Optimized Integration of Heat Storage Into District Heating Networks Fed By a Biomass CHP Plant
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Data Analysis of the Energy Performance of Large Scale Solar Collectors for District Heating
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Technologies in Smart District Heating System
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Analysis of District Heating and Cooling systems in Spain
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Modelling a fifth-generation bidirectional low temperature district heating and cooling (5GDHC) network for nearly Zero Energy District (nZED)
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Environmental Life Cycle Assessment scenarios for a district heating network. An Italian case study
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dhcSim — A Modelica library for simple modeling of complex DHC systems
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5th generation district heating and cooling (5GDHC) implementation potential in urban areas with existing district heating systems
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Feedbacks in district heating systems and transition policies: A systems analysis of net-zero district heating transitions in Europe
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Application of life cycle assessment for enhancing sustainability of district heating: A multi-level approach
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A review of waste heat sources for district heating
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Rethinking peak load in district heating: Operational insights and techno-economic pathways
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Managing residential demand response in district heating systems: A review of coordination strategies
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Surrogate modeling for long-term and high-resolution prediction of building thermal load with a metric-optimized KNN algorithm
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A simplified building thermal model for the optimization of energy consumption: Use of a random number generator
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Statistical analysis of energy consumption patterns on the heat demand of buildings in district heating systems
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Design and modeling of 1–10 MWe liquefied natural gas-fueled combined cooling, heating and power plants for building applications
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Evaluation of the most influential parameters of heat load in district heating systems
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Optimal design and operation of district heating and cooling networks with CCHP systems in a residential complex
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Analysis of heating load diversity in German residential districts and implications for the application in district heating systems
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Exergy analysis applied to performance of buildings in Europe
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A new approach for the application of nearly zero energy concept at district level to reach EPBD recast requirements through a case study in Turkey
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Exploring the factors and motivations influencing heating behavioral patterns and future energy use intentions in the hot summer and cold winter climate zone of China
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Bibliographic analysis of the recent advancements in modeling and co-simulating the fifth-generation district heating and cooling systems
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Experimental and numerical investigation of the performance of bogie chassis heater deicing systems
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Research on a forecasted load-and time delay-based model predictive control (MPC) district energy system model
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Embedding energy optimization in organizations: A case study of a Swiss decentralized renewable energy system
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A stochastic load demand-oriented synergetic optimal control strategy for variable-speed pumps in residential district heating or cooling systems
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