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Heat fluxes and flame heights in façades from fires in enclosures of varying geometry
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What this work says
Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119975465openalex-snapshot
An Introduction to Fire Dynamics
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01040003openalex-snapshot
Heat flux from flames to vertical surfaces
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(95)00021-kopenalex-snapshot
Average centreline temperatures of a buoyant pool fire obtained by image processing of video recordings
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2003.07.006openalex-snapshot
Mass pyrolysis rates and excess pyrolysate in fully developed enclosure fires
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/00102208608923893openalex-snapshot
Wall Flames and Implications for Upward Flame Spread
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3210/fst.18.11openalex-snapshot
A Room Fire Model for Predicting Fire Spread by External Flames.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3210/fst.4.75openalex-snapshot
Experimental Wall Flame Heat Transfer Correlations for the Analysis of Upward Wall Flame Spread
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.6-729openalex-snapshot
Flame Heights In Wall Fires: Effects Of Width, Confinement And Pyrolysis Length
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.7-59openalex-snapshot
Fully Involved Enclosure Fires: Effects Of Fuel Type, Fuel Area And Geometry
What points at this work
Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.
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Flame Spread Characteristics of Aluminum Composite Panels of Varying Thickness with Typical Windows
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Fire behaviour and external flames in corridor and tunnel‐like enclosures
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Assessment of fire behaviour of high‐speed trains' interior materials: small‐scale and full‐scale fire tests
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Experimental study of fire growth and ejected plume in a cross‐ventilation compartment under wind condition
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Experimental study on the vertical temperature distribution of window ejected fire from an enclosure with adjacent side walls
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A new test method to determine the fire behavior of façades with etic system
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Maximum temperature rise of fire plume ejected out of the compartment window with a horizontal eave
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Impact of core thickness and opening height on the combustion characteristics of polyethylene sandwich panels
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Influence of Sidewall Effects on Ejected Flame During Facade Calibration Tests: Experimental Analysis and Findings
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Altitude Effects on Ejected Flames in Façade Calibration Tests: Experimental and Numerical Investigation
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Forced Draught Impact on Externally Venting Flames: An Experimental and Numerical Investigation
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Experimental and Numerical Study of Fire Spread on a Wooden Facade
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Flame spread over n‐butanol fuel at sub‐flashpoint temperature with steps in the gas phase
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Numerical Simulation Study of Flame Transverse Spread in Conjoined High-Rise Building with Different Air Humidity
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Neutral Plane and Length Scale of Spill Fire Plume Considering the Effects of Cross-Ventilation
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Application of FDS to Under-Ventilated Enclosure Fires with External Flaming
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Experimental Study on Thermal Buoyancy Influence on the Spill Flame Plume in Dual-Openings Compartment Fires
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Experimental Investigation on Lateral Temperature Profile of Window-Ejected Facade Fire Plume with Ambient Wind
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External Wind Effect on Flame Behavior Inside and Outside a Compartment with Opposing Openings
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Numerical Modeling of Compartment Fires: Ventilation Characteristics and Limitation of Kawagoe’s Law
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Numerical Investigation of the Thermal Exposure of Façade During BS 8414 Test Series: Influence of Wind and Fire Source
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Experimental Investigation on the Vertical Temperature Profile of Spilled Plume from a Compartment-Facade Fire with a Horizontal Projection
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Study on Smoke Propagation Characteristics of a Carriage Fire in Longitudinally Ventilated Tunnel
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Experimental Study of Fire Containment Using Fabric Curtains in a Reduced-Scale Deck of a Ro–Ro Ship
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Flame Extension Length Beneath an Inclined Eave Induced By Facade Fire Plume
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External Flame Shapes in Large-Scale Façade Fire Tests
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The effect of central air flow on inverse diffusion flame height in atmospheric environment
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Experimental study of sidewall flame and temperature characteristics in corridor-like enclosures with lateral openings
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Effect of window breakage on temperature profiles in the subway carriage fires with multiple lateral openings
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Temperature evolution within fire compartment, external flame structure characteristic and merging behavior with multiple-openings
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Experimental investigation of combustion characteristics under different ventilation conditions in a compartment connected to a stairwell
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Vertical temperature profile of fire-induced facade thermal plume ejected from a fire compartment window with two adjacent side walls
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Flame extension length beneath a horizontal eave in fire-induced thermal plume ejected from a compartment
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Influence of stack effect on flame shapes of gas burner fires
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A study on window plume from a room fire to the cavity of a double-skin façade
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Numerical investigation of air curtain jet effect on the upper layer temperature evolution of a compartment fire and its transition
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Investigation on the restrain effect of air curtain to the spilled flame and its heat flux of a compartment-facade fire
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Experimental study on horizontally-oriented liquefied gas jet flames: Assessment of the flame morphology characteristics
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Fire evolution and temperature distribution in a high-speed train carriage with the fire source and lateral openings at opposing ends
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.131355openalex-snapshot
Experimental investigation on thermal radiation of opening-ejected flame from an enclosure
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.131573openalex-snapshot
Vertical fire spread behaviors of spaced photovoltaic panels on building façade
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Investigation on the effect of air curtain jet angle on compartment temperature and fire spill behavior characteristics
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Experimental study on the transitional behavior of the room fire under sub-atmospheric pressures
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An experimental investigation and statistical characterization of intermittent flame ejecting behavior of enclosure fires with an opening
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.01.011openalex-snapshot
Fire spill plume from a compartment with dual symmetric openings under cross wind
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Flame projection distance of horizontally oriented buoyant turbulent rectangular jet fires
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Experimental study of transitional behavior of fully developed under-ventilated compartment fire and associated facade flame height evolution
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Experimental investigation of compartment fires with circular opening: From the aspects of internal temperature and facade flame
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Flame behavior from opening of a compartment with ambient back-roof wind passing through the roof: Experiments and similarity analysis
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Effect of sidewall on the flame extension characteristics beneath a ceiling induced by carriage fire in a channel
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Cellular flame structures and thermal characteristics of axi-symmetric ceiling fires: An experimental study and scaling analysis
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Volumetric heat release, fuel-air mixing and turbulent dissipation of vertically-downward turbulent nonpremixed jet flames under sub-atmospheric pressures
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Experimental study on turbulent ejected flame behavior through horizontal openings of combustion cabinets: Mechanism, probability, and pulsation characteristics
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Spread behavior of spill fire under lateral wind and temperature distribution of PE sandwich panels on facade
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Experimental study of compartment fire development and ejected flame thermal behavior for a large-scale light timber frame construction
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Flame projection lengths of horizontally oriented buoyant jet fires under different air pressures
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Experimental study on transverse temperature profile of spill plume and thermal characteristic difference with lateral direction
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Facade flame height ejected from window of a compartment fire under a single sidewall constraint boundary condition
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The study of horizontal extension distances for inclined ethylene buoyant jet fires
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Study on the window spill fire plume trajectory of over-ventilated intermediate-scale compartment fires
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Experimental and numerical investigations of cavity flame spread in double skin façade
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Experimental study and physical modeling of ceiling temperature distribution of fires in a large open-plan compartment with unilateral asymmetric openings
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Heat flux profile upon building facade due to ejected thermal plume from window in a subatmospheric pressure at high altitude
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Ambient wind effect on combustion characteristics in compartment with simultaneous door and window opened
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Experimental study on thermal hazard and facade flame characterization induced by incontrollable combustion of indoor energy usage
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Facade flame depth coming out from the fire compartment opening subject the external sideward wind
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Experimental study on the ejected flame behavior and near-field flame radiation characteristics from building compartment with double openings under crosswinds
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Experimental study on the flame geometry and thermal flow characteristics of carriage fire in a tunnel under longitudinal ventilation
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Flame characteristics and downstream thermal radiation from elevated fires in tunnel energy systems: Influence of fire source geometry and ventilation
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Failure analysis and correction models for upward flame characteristics subjected to shipping container fire
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A new correlation for gas temperature inside a burning enclosure
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Comparison of FDS predictions by different combustion models with measured data for enclosure fires
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The physics of the outflow from the opening of an enclosure fire and re-examination of Yokoi's correlation
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Smoke concentrations inside and outside of a corridor-like enclosure
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Heat flux profile upon building facade with side walls due to window ejected fire plume: An experimental investigation and global correlation
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Window ejected flame height and heat flux along facade with air entrainment constraint by a sloping facing wall
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Window ejected flame width and depth evolution along facade from under-ventilated enclosure fires
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Wind effects on flame projection probability from a compartment with opposing openings
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Facade flame height ejected from an opening of fire compartment under external wind
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An experimental investigation of burning behaviour of liquid pool fire in corridor-like enclosures
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Experimental study on the variation regimes of window ejecting flame height
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Numerical investigation of externally venting flame characteristics in a corridor-façade configuration
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Effects of opening aspect ratio on facade gas temperatures with and without sidewalls for underventilated conditions
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Facade flame height ejected from opening of a compartment under the coupling effect of side walls and ambient wind
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Wind effects on transition and extension characteristics of the external flame projecting from a compartment with opposing openings
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The impact of horizontal projections on lateral fire spread in multi-unit residential buildings - comparison of numerical and similarity correlations
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Study on the fire characteristics of the compartment with two opposing openings under external sideward wind
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Flame heights and charring on a particle board – An experimental study
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Experimental study of ejected fire plume from an opening under facing wind passing through the roof
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104440openalex-snapshot
Flame heights and charring in a particleboard cavity under varying cavity widths and sample heights
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An experimental study on the fire temperature characteristic of commuter express carriages with multiple side doors in tunnel of urban rail transit
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Numerical and experimental investigation of shaft-like compartment fires
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Revisiting the BS 8414 timber crib: An experimental investigation for enhancing facade fire safety
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Experimental method for evaluating the heat release rate of external flames in the case of an under-ventilated fire
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Interaction between compartment fire development and fallout of tempered glass in a framing multi-pane glass façade
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Fire spread along inclined combustible surfaces
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Experimental study of flame extinction with fuel diffusion combustion inside a wall-opening compartment under reduced ventilation conditions
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Diffusion flame morphology with or without near-wall in cross-winds: Experiments and a correlation based on momentum-buoyancy length scale
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Flame extension length beneath a horizontal eave due to excess fuel diffusion combustion outside compartment opening under ambient wind
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Diffusion flame side sag behavior in cross winds: Experimental investigation and scaling analysis
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Investigating the influence of stack effect on plume inclination and maximum ceiling temperature position in inclined tunnel fires
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Full-scale experimental and numerical study on smoke movement in a two-story building under the coupling effects of vertical channels and external wall openings
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An experimental investigation on temperature profile of buoyant spill plume from under-ventilated compartment fires in a reduced pressure atmosphere at high altitude
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A mathematical model on lateral temperature profile of buoyant window spill plume from a compartment fire
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Global behaviors of enclosure fire and façade flame heights in normal and reduced atmospheric pressures at two altitudes
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A global non-dimensional factor characterizing side wall constraint effect on facade flame entrainment and flame height from opening of compartment fires
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Experimental investigation on window ejected facade flame heights with different constraint side wall lengths and global correlation
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Experimental study on the heat flux profile upon the building facade of the window-ejected fire plume
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Experimental study on the heat losses of the fuel combustion inside the compartment
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Macroscopic characteristics and prediction model of horizontal extension length for syngas jet flame under inclined conditions
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Flame height and temperature profile of window ejected thermal plume from compartment fire without facade wall
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An experimental study on vertical temperature profile of facade fire plume ejected from compartment with an opening subjected to external wind normal to facade
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Effects of adjacent space on spill flame of chemical hazardous materials container fire
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An experimental study on the intermittent flame ejecting behavior and critical excess heat release rate of carriage fires in tunnels with longitudinal ventilation
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Experimental study on vertical temperature of facade fire plume ejected from compartment constrained by adjacent single sidewall
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Simulating the full-scale compartment fire dynamics influenced by the initial single-glazing window and door opening conditions
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The study of flame length for the horizontal jet flame of carbon dioxide and propane mixed gas
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Evaluation of air curtain and emergency exhaust system for smoke confinement of an enclosure
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Experimental investigations on the influence of ‘chimney-effect’ on fire response of rainscreen façades in high-rise buildings
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Predicting transient building fire based on external smoke images and deep learning
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Influence of the temperature of inflow air on the vertical temperature distribution of window spill fire plume
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Experimental studies of the effect of burner location on the development of building fires
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The effect of the sideward wind on the temperature inside a compartment and the spill plume from the window
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Transverse and lateral temperature profiles of the window-ejected thermal plume along the facade
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Flame behavior and fire-induced flow field characteristic in building corridor fire with longitudinal partition
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Experimental study on upward flame spread over XPS under the influence of facade openings
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Characteristic parameter evolutions and fire smoke patterns of the wall fire plume: Experimental and theoretical analysis
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Experimental investigation on morphology of window-ejected flame without facade effect
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Impinging ceiling flame behaviors induced by wall-attached gaseous fuel fires at one end in a narrow building corridor: Different phases and generalized correlations
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111292openalex-snapshot
The effect of fire-wall distance on the flame attachment characteristics and flame height of near-wall fires
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111641openalex-snapshot
The impact of splicing seams on fire spread of PE sandwich panels under adjacent floor compartment spilled fires
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.115064openalex-snapshot
Real-time fire sensing based on spectral shifts in structure-transmitted alarm sound field
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116794openalex-snapshot
Effects of single sidewall on large-scale façade fire: A study based on JIS A 1310 calibration tests
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2011.07.006openalex-snapshot
Wind tunnel tests on compartment fires with crossflow ventilation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2024.105807openalex-snapshot
Numerical investigations on the effect of cross wind on the flow field and the mass loss rate of the fuel in a compartment fire with two opposing openings
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101039openalex-snapshot
Fundamentals of window-ejected fire plumes from under-ventilated compartment fires: Recent progresses and perspectives
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.130openalex-snapshot
Heat fluxes on opposite building wall by flames emerging from an enclosure
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.083openalex-snapshot
Merging behavior of facade flames ejected from two windows of an under-ventilated compartment fire
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.05.161openalex-snapshot
Temperature evolution and transition inside fire compartment with an opening subject to external sideward wind
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.06.201openalex-snapshot
Facade flame height and horizontal extending distance from opening of compartment fire with external sideward wind
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.07.014openalex-snapshot
An experimental study on the effect of fire growth in a lower-floor compartment on fire evolution and facade flame ejection from an upper-floor compartment
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.07.107openalex-snapshot
Experimental study on evolution of compartment fire and facade flame through an opening with the fire source attached to a backwall at different elevations
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2020.05.029openalex-snapshot
Heat fluxes under the ceiling induced by wall fires with various burner aspect ratios in a channel
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2020.06.181openalex-snapshot
Experimental study on flame pulsation behavior of external venting facade fire ejected from opening of a compartment
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2020.06.232openalex-snapshot
Temperature evolution from stratified- to well-mixed condition inside a fire compartment with an opening subjected to external wind
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2020.07.084openalex-snapshot
Experimental study of carriage fire in a tunnel: Evolution of flame geometry characteristics under relative strong crosswinds
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2020.07.094openalex-snapshot
Flame behavior from an opening at different elevations on the facade wall of a fire compartment
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2022.07.210openalex-snapshot
A reduced-scale experimental investigation of facade flame behavior ejected from a top-hung window of fire compartment
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2024.105274openalex-snapshot
Experimental study on the ceiling jet characteristics caused by carriage fire in an inclined tunnel: Temperature distribution and flame extension
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2024.105661openalex-snapshot
An experimental study of the liquid fire evolution inside the compartment under the facing wind condition
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2026.105993openalex-snapshot
Ejected flame outflow from a compartment opening: PIV measurements and analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2026.106004openalex-snapshot
Fundamental interactions between outside facade flame and compartment fire: Experiment on temperature evolution and flame height
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2026.106006openalex-snapshot
Evolution of wall smoke pattern from rectangular burner with various wall-to-flame distances
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2026.106009openalex-snapshot
Systematic experimental investigation of fire source height effects in compartment fires: Temperature evolution and prediction models
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2026.106056openalex-snapshot
Evolution of morphological parameters in ejected flames: Quantification of trajectory length and dimensionless analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2026.106088openalex-snapshot
Facade flame behavior ejected from double openings of building compartment under facing wind
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.08.056openalex-snapshot
Facade Flame Heights from Enclosure Fires with Side Walls at the Opening
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.08.058openalex-snapshot
An Experimental Study on Buoyant Spilled Thermal Plume Temperature Profile from Over-ventilated Enclosure Fires in a Reduced Air Pressure
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2025.107329openalex-snapshot
Extension length of non-vertical turbulent jet flames beneath the ceiling in tunnels: Theoretical analysis and experimental study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106657openalex-snapshot
Impact of sliding window opening sizes and crosswinds on combustion characteristics of polyethylene sandwich panels in external venting façade fires
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2023.101667openalex-snapshot
Effect of vertical facing wall on facade flame height of under-ventilated compartment fire with triangular opening
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2023.101988openalex-snapshot
Numerical investigation of air curtain jet effect upon the compartment-facade fire safety protection based on temperature evolution and thermal impact
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2024.102842openalex-snapshot
Experimental and numerical investigation of façade flame with respect to varied distances between sidewall and main wall opening
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103244openalex-snapshot
Experimental investigation of fire behavior in a vertical shaft with various top opening conditions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103660openalex-snapshot
Experimental study of heat flux profile upon building facade materials induced by window-ejected flame under the effect of wind
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103282openalex-snapshot
Effect of train fire location on maximum smoke temperature beneath the subway tunnel ceiling
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103609openalex-snapshot
An experimental study on the transition velocity and smoke back-layering length induced by carriage fire in a ventilated tunnel
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104539openalex-snapshot
Temperature variation inside a corridor-like enclosure under limited ventilation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104618openalex-snapshot
Study of the evolution mechanism of multi-window carriage fire under longitudinal ventilation in a metro tunnel
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104858openalex-snapshot
Experimental study of temperature profile in underground corridor of various widths induced by fire in an adjacent compartment
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104940openalex-snapshot
Experimental analysis and machine learning research on tunnel carriage fire spread and temperature evolution
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2023.104994openalex-snapshot
Maximum ceiling temperature and longitudinal distribution in a corridor-like enclosure with opening
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2024.106082openalex-snapshot
Experimental study of temperature profile in underground corridor of different ventilation conditions induced by fire in an adjacent compartment
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2026.107974openalex-snapshot
Effect of blockage-induced recirculation on spill fire dynamics in ventilated tunnel: Flame height, vortex structure, and spill port temperature
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2025.10182openalex-snapshot
Cross-wind-induced spanwise flapping of tandem turbulent diffusion flames: experimental- and large eddy simulation-based study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20130902005openalex-snapshot
Fire hazards of exterior wall assemblies containing combustible components
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20130903001openalex-snapshot
Effects of side walls on facade flame entrainment and flame height from opening in compartment fires
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20130903005openalex-snapshot
Experimental study and advanced CFD simulation of fire safety performance of building external wall insulation system
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20164604003openalex-snapshot
Vertical safe separation distance between openings in multi-storey buildings having a fire resistant spandrel
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20164605009openalex-snapshot
Experimental study of window-ejected flame and plume on glass curtain walls
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1063/2.1304201openalex-snapshot
A review on research of fire dynamics in high-rise buildings
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2025.2455955openalex-snapshot
Probabilistic assessment of factors influencing façade fire formation and extension
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/00102200801894398openalex-snapshot
Determination of Soot Formation Rate from Laminar Smoke Point Measurements
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2018.1427086openalex-snapshot
Application of the global soot model based on smoke point in simulation of multiple laminar diffusion flames
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2024.2347596openalex-snapshot
Morphological Characteristics of Propane–Hydrogen Diffusion Flame: Experiments and Correlations
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2025.2464754openalex-snapshot
The Coupling Effect of Side Wind and Side Wall on the Propagation Behavior of Facade Flames and the Temperature Distribution of PE/Metal Sandwich Panels
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/08916152.2012.757672openalex-snapshot
Effect of Opening Geometry on the Heat Transfer Characteristics for External Flames Impinging on an Exterior Wall
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/08916152.2018.1505788openalex-snapshot
Buoyant opening spill flame behaviors beneath a horizontal projection induced by a compartment fire
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1107/4/042023openalex-snapshot
Experimental investigation of externally venting flames geometric characteristics and impact on the façade of corridor-like enclosures
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2885/1/012027openalex-snapshot
Radiative heat transfer methodologies from compartment fires to adjacent walls: A Numerical Investigation
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