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The passive state: A protective mechanism for information in working memory tasks.

https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001092
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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-6273(95)90304-6openalex-snapshot
Cellular basis of working memory
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.03.013openalex-snapshot
Tracking object number or information load in visual working memory: Revisiting the cognitive implication of contralateral delay activity
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009openalex-snapshot
EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.01.003openalex-snapshot
The contralateral delay activity as a neural measure of visual working memory
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.019openalex-snapshot
Neural evidence for a 3-state model of visual short-term memory
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.005openalex-snapshot
Working memory as an emergent property of the mind and brain
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.03.008openalex-snapshot
Mining event-related brain dynamics
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.05.004openalex-snapshot
Different states in visual working memory: when it guides attention and when it does not
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.006openalex-snapshot
Visual working memory capacity: from psychophysics and neurobiology to individual differences
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.001openalex-snapshot
Revisiting the role of persistent neural activity during working memory
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.05.004openalex-snapshot
‘Activity-silent’ working memory in prefrontal cortex: a dynamic coding framework
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.03.010openalex-snapshot
Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.11.006openalex-snapshot
Oscillatory Control over Representational States in Working Memory
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60422-3openalex-snapshot
Human Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00197-9openalex-snapshot
Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex during working memory
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.21.4.837openalex-snapshot
Forward and backward recall: Different retrieval processes.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.23.5.1217openalex-snapshot
Word-frequency effects on short-term memory tasks: Evidence for a redintegration process in immediate serial recall.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027389openalex-snapshot
Directed forgetting and directed remembering in visual working memory.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030947openalex-snapshot
Rapid forgetting prevented by retrospective attention cues.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031172openalex-snapshot
Focused, unfocused, and defocused information in working memory.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/e633262013-423openalex-snapshot
An Interference Model of Visual Working Memory
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000488openalex-snapshot
The bandwidth of VWM consolidation varies with the stimulus feature: Evidence from event-related potentials.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000124openalex-snapshot
Forgotten but not gone: Retro-cue costs and benefits in a double-cueing paradigm suggest multiple states in visual short-term memory.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02447openalex-snapshot
Neural activity predicts individual differences in visual working memory capacity
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04171openalex-snapshot
Neural measures reveal individual differences in controlling access to working memory
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4174openalex-snapshot
Decoding the content of visual short-term memory under distraction in occipital and parietal areas
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4546openalex-snapshot
Dynamic hidden states underlying working-memory-guided behavior
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/027249896392838openalex-snapshot
Direction of Report in Spatial and Verbal Serial Short term Memory
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2020.1825141openalex-snapshot
Theoretical distinction between functional states in working memory and their corresponding neural states
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr076openalex-snapshot
Contralateral Delay Activity Reveals Life-Span Age Differences in Top-Down Modulation of Working Memory Contents
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190917982.013.13openalex-snapshot
Working Memory as Persistent Neural Activity
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/5.939827openalex-snapshot
Imaging brain dynamics using independent component analysis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah7011openalex-snapshot
Reactivation of latent working memories with transcranial magnetic stimulation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100422openalex-snapshot
Working Memory: Theories, Models, and Controversies
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00978.2009openalex-snapshot
Contralateral Delay Activity Provides a Neural Measure of the Number of Representations in Visual Working Memory
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21214openalex-snapshot
Visual Short-term Memory Capacity for Simple and Complex Objects
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00140openalex-snapshot
Neural Evidence for a Distinction between Short-term Memory and the Focus of Attention
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00305openalex-snapshot
Decoding Attended Information in Short-term Memory: An EEG Study
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00584openalex-snapshot
Come Together, Right Now: Dynamic Overwriting of an Object's History through Common Fate
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01019openalex-snapshot
Does Contralateral Delay Activity Reflect Working Memory Storage or the Current Focus of Spatial Attention within Visual Working Memory?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01233openalex-snapshot
Contralateral Delay Activity Tracks Fluctuations in Working Memory Performance
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01271openalex-snapshot
Contralateral Delay Activity Indexes Working Memory Storage, Not the Current Focus of Spatial Attention
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01446openalex-snapshot
The Contralateral Delay Activity Tracks the Sequential Loading of Objects into Visual Working Memory, Unlike Lateralized Alpha Oscillations
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1167/9.7.17openalex-snapshot
Storing fine detailed information in visual working memory--Evidence from event-related potentials
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619830384openalex-snapshot
Dissecting the Neural Focus of Attention Reveals Distinct Processes for Spatial Attention and Object-Based Storage in Visual Working Memory
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721420922185openalex-snapshot
The Dynamic-Processing Model of Working Memory
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091681openalex-snapshot
Visual Working Memory Capacity for Color Is Independent of Representation Resolution
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3104-20.2021openalex-snapshot
A Hierarchy of Functional States in Working Memory
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00796openalex-snapshot
Trisecting representational states in short-term memory
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00244openalex-snapshot
The (Un)Clear Effects of Invalid Retro-Cues
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03192957openalex-snapshot
Attention effects during visual short-term memory maintenance: Protection or prioritization?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03196705openalex-snapshot
Time does not cause forgetting in short-term serial recall
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03331300openalex-snapshot
Prestimulus and poststimulus cuing of recall order in the memory span
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/pbr.16.2.225openalex-snapshot
Bayesian t tests for accepting and rejecting the null hypothesis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-011-0218-3openalex-snapshot
Orienting attention to locations in mental representations
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-011-0156-2openalex-snapshot
Revisiting backward recall and benchmark memory effects: a reply to Bireta et al. (2010)
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-012-0277-2openalex-snapshot
Are forward and backward recall the same? A dual-task study of digit recall
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4236/jbbs.2014.45025openalex-snapshot
Long-Term Electrophysiological and Behavioral Analysis on the Improvement of Visual Working Memory Load, Training Gains, and Transfer Benefits
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203342398openalex-snapshot
Working Memory Capacity
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.33-2415openalex-snapshot
Attention and memory: an integrated framework

What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4639213openalex-extracted
Perceptual Boost of Visual Memorability on Visual Memory Formation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.70597openalex-snapshot
Intrinsic Functional Architecture Reflects Individual Differences in Passive Working Memory: An Exploratory Resting‐State fMRI Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-022-01772-xopenalex-snapshot
Differences of resource allocation to active and passive states in visual working memory
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105808openalex-snapshot
The object as the unit for state switching in visual working memory
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2024.103800openalex-snapshot
The priority state of items in visual working memory determines their influence on early visual processing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2025.104702openalex-snapshot
Asymmetric interaction effects of information with varying priorities in visual working memory
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001267openalex-snapshot
Rapid but incomplete degradation of residual visual representations over time.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00433-4openalex-snapshot
All identical objects reduce memory load at the late maintenance stage in working memory
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-18699-zopenalex-snapshot
Early or late distractions hurt working memory differently depending on how long you look
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2024.2423812openalex-snapshot
Comparison of working memory performance in athletes and non-athletes: a meta-analysis of behavioural studies
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhae494openalex-snapshot
Reactivating and reorganizing activity-silent working memory: two distinct mechanisms underlying pinging the brain
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhag123openalex-snapshot
Complementary univariate and multivariate signals in the parietal cortex for visual working memory pointers and features
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2022.04.29.490000openalex-snapshot
The cognitive mechanisms of state transformation during the multi-state maintenance of visual working memory
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2023.07.16.549254openalex-snapshot
Reactivating and Reorganizing Activity-Silent Working Memory Through Two Distinct Mechanisms After Pinging the Brain
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.70366openalex-snapshot
Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Distractor‐Induced Repulsion Effect in Visual Working Memory: A Behavioral and ERP Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.a.2619openalex-snapshot
Passive but Accessible: Studied Information Is Not Actively Stored in Working Memory, Yet Attended Regardless of Anticipated Load
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01922openalex-snapshot
Sensory Delay Activity: More than an Electrophysiological Index of Working Memory Load
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02265openalex-snapshot
The Suppression Mechanisms of Passive Memory in Visual Working Memory: The Evidence from Electroencephalography
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02325openalex-snapshot
Contralateral Delay Activity Tracks Storage Load in Visual Working Memory: Evidence from the Multiple Object Tracking Task
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1167/jov.23.5.13openalex-snapshot
Sustained attention required for effective dimension-based retro-cue benefit in visual working memory
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/17470218231194037openalex-snapshot
Strategies, debates, and adversarial collaboration in working memory: The 51st Bartlett Lecture
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-02145-2openalex-snapshot
Comparing retro-cue benefit mechanisms in visual working memory: completely valid vs. highly valid retro-cues
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-026-05342-3openalex-snapshot
Effects of sleep quality on the offline storage state of visual working memory
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2hx8nopenalex-snapshot
Perceptual encoding benefit of visual memorability on visual memory formation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/a8b4hopenalex-snapshot
Contralateral delay activity tracks storage load in visual working memory: Evidence from the multiple object tracking task
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/bxyz6openalex-snapshot
Asymmetric Interaction Effects of Information with Varying Priorities in Visual Working Memory
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fzwp3openalex-snapshot
A new aspect of cognitive selectivity: Working memory reselection for attended information
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/j4v6xopenalex-snapshot
Comparing retro-cue benefit mechanisms in visual working memory: Completely valid vs. highly valid retro-cues
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2025.1642615openalex-snapshot
Neural signatures of prioritization and facilitation in retrieving repeated items in visual working memory
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1282869openalex-snapshot
Electrophysiological hallmarks for event relations and event roles in working memory
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1092557openalex-snapshot
The facilitating effect of identical objects in visual working memory
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1433405openalex-snapshot
Dimension-based retro-cue benefit in working memory does not require unfocused dimension removal
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080636openalex-snapshot
Spatial Configuration Effects on the Dissociation between Active and Latent States in Visual Working Memory
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1041.2024.00412openalex-snapshot
Cognitive mechanisms underlying the formation of offline representations in visual working memory
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1041.2025.1323openalex-snapshot
The passive storage of negative facial expressions in working memory does not affect the active state storage
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2022.02206openalex-snapshot
The internal mechanisms of attentional templates in facilitating visual search
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-025-03089-4openalex-snapshot
Distinct states in visual working memory support memory benefits from extending encoding time
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-022-02107-yopenalex-snapshot
Sensory recruitment in visual short-term memory: A systematic review and meta-analysis of sensory visual cortex interference using transcranial magnetic stimulation
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