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The body fades away: investigating the effects of transparency of an embodied virtual body on pain threshold and body ownership

https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13948
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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1532-2149.2014.00451.xopenalex-snapshot
Modulation of pain threshold by virtual body ownership
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1532-2149.2014.00466.xopenalex-snapshot
The rubber hand illusion increases heat pain threshold
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03181473openalex-snapshot
Recent development of flow visualization
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4202-3openalex-snapshot
Mere observation of body discontinuity affects perceived ownership and vicarious agency over a virtual hand
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s11571-011-9178-5openalex-snapshot
Is my hand connected to my body? The impact of body continuity and arm alignment on the virtual hand illusion
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-010-9248-7openalex-snapshot
Virtual Reality as an Adjunctive Non-pharmacologic Analgesic for Acute Burn Pain During Medical Procedures
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(94)00132-xopenalex-snapshot
Heat pain thresholds: normative data and repeatability
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.049openalex-snapshot
Illusory self-identification with an avatar reduces arousal responses to painful stimuli
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.031openalex-snapshot
Visual distortion of a limb modulates the pain and swelling evoked by movement
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.047openalex-snapshot
Spatial Sensory Organization and Body Representation in Pain Perception
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2011.03.013openalex-snapshot
Seeing and identifying with a virtual body decreases pain perception
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2011.05.008openalex-snapshot
The rubber hand illusion and its application to clinical neuroscience
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.03.002openalex-snapshot
The visual size of one׳s own hand modulates pain anticipation and perception
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.08.046openalex-snapshot
Effects of temperature on heat pain adaptation and habituation in men and women
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(02)00074-1openalex-snapshot
Phantom-limb pain: characteristics, causes, and treatment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/35784openalex-snapshot
Rubber hands ‘feel’ touch that eyes see
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1651openalex-snapshot
From presence to consciousness through virtual reality
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1306779110openalex-snapshot
Illusory ownership of a virtual child body causes overestimation of object sizes and implicit attitude changes
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awp135openalex-snapshot
The use of visual feedback, in particular mirror visual feedback, in restoring brain function
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keg041openalex-snapshot
A controlled pilot study of the utility of mirror visual feedback in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (type 1)
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0300openalex-snapshot
The relationship between virtual body ownership and temperature sensitivity
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00393openalex-snapshot
The Invisible Hand Illusion: Multisensory Integration Leads to the Embodiment of a Discrete Volume of Empty Space
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.15.4.455openalex-snapshot
Is This My Hand I See Before Me? The Rubber Hand Illusion in Reality, Virtual Reality, and Mixed Reality
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.19.2.95openalex-snapshot
Comparing and Evaluating Real Time Character Engines for Virtual Environments
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00002openalex-snapshot
A Flexible Framework for Wide‐Spectrum VR Development
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00124openalex-snapshot
The Sense of Embodiment in Virtual Reality
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1167/7.7.7openalex-snapshot
Staying focused: A functional account of perceptual suppression during binocular rivalry
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611398496openalex-snapshot
Visual Distortion of Body Size Modulates Pain Perception
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040867openalex-snapshot
Extending Body Space in Immersive Virtual Reality: A Very Long Arm Illusion
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052400openalex-snapshot
No Pain Relief with the Rubber Hand Illusion
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091688openalex-snapshot
The Marble-Hand Illusion
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107376openalex-snapshot
Negative Body Image Associated with Changes in the Visual Body Appearance Increases Pain Perception
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109909openalex-snapshot
Rubber Hand Illusion Reduces Discomfort Caused by Cold Stimulus
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3072-09.2009openalex-snapshot
Visually Induced Analgesia: Seeing the Body Reduces Pain
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4031-11.2012openalex-snapshot
Linking Pain and the Body: Neural Correlates of Visually Induced Analgesia
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00083openalex-snapshot
The building blocks of the full body ownership illusion
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00438openalex-snapshot
What Color is My Arm? Changes in Skin Color of an Embodied Virtual Arm Modulates Pain Threshold
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00137openalex-snapshot
Factors associated with the modulation of pain by visual distortion of body size
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00141openalex-snapshot
Over my fake body: body ownership illusions for studying the multisensory basis of own-body perception
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03212157openalex-snapshot
Recent models and findings in visual backward masking: A comparison, review, and update

What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

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What Makes VR Effective for Reducing Implicit Bias Towards People with Physical Disabilities? Exploring the Differential Effects of VR Experience Design and Individual Characteristics
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Pain modulation by illusory body rotation: A new way to disclose the interaction between the vestibular system and pain processing
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An Examination of Visual Influences on Sense of Ownership and Agency
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Effects of Avatar Nodding and Transparency Changes on Conversation in the Metaverse
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Does affective touch influence the virtual reality full body illusion?
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Visual feedback from a virtual body modulates motor illusion induced by tendon vibration
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Subjective Emotions and Physiological Responses During Collision Avoidance with a Virtual Autonomous Mobile Robot
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Abrupt visibility modifications affect specific subjective (not objective) aspects of body ownership
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Interoception visualization relieves acute pain
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Real, rubber or virtual: The vision of “one’s own” body as a means for pain modulation. A narrative review
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Active control as evidence in favor of sense of ownership in the moving Virtual Hand Illusion
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2022.03.023openalex-snapshot
Not my body, not my pain? Pain perception and placebo analgesia in individuals with body integrity dysphoria
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2025.06.016openalex-snapshot
Visibility manipulations affect the functional connectivity related to illusory body ownership
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The role of motor memory dynamics in structuring bodily self-consciousness
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Frequency-tagging EEG reveals spontaneous categorical discrimination of visual self-identity
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Seeing an Embodied Virtual Hand is Analgesic Contingent on Colocation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2018.12.001openalex-snapshot
Decreasing Pain Ratings in Chronic Arm Pain Through Changing a Virtual Body: Different Strategies for Different Pain Types
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2021.01.001openalex-snapshot
A Better Touch: C-tactile Fibers Related Activity is Associated to Pain Reduction During Temporal Summation of Second Pain
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2021.10.009openalex-snapshot
Real Bodies Not Required? Placebo Analgesia and Pain Perception in Immersive Virtual and Augmented Reality
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The development of the Dutch version of the Fremantle Back Awareness Questionnaire
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104926openalex-snapshot
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inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120870openalex-snapshot
Neuro-cognitive effects of degraded visibility on illusory body ownership
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121405openalex-snapshot
Somatosensory coding of visual self-identity
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inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x20000473openalex-snapshot
Body ownership as a proxy for individual and social separation and connection
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25951-2openalex-snapshot
Illusory body ownership of an invisible body interpolated between virtual hands and feet via visual-motor synchronicity
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46877-3openalex-snapshot
An experimental study of a virtual reality counselling paradigm using embodied self-dialogue
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55407-0openalex-snapshot
Heat pain modulation with virtual water during a virtual hand illusion
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An Embodied Perspective as a Victim of Sexual Harassment in Virtual Reality Reduces Action Conformity in a Later Milgram Obedience Scenario
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89526-4openalex-snapshot
Interacting with virtual objects via embodied avatar hands reduces pain intensity and diverts attention
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15835-xopenalex-snapshot
Effects of virtual hands and feet on the onset time and duration of illusory body ownership
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15932-xopenalex-snapshot
Knowing the intention behind limb movements of a partner increases embodiment towards the limb of joint avatar
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18160-5openalex-snapshot
Demand characteristics challenge effects in embodiment and presence
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26016-1openalex-snapshot
Embodying the avatar of an omnipotent agent modulates the perception of one’s own abilities and enhances feelings of invulnerability
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29993-zopenalex-snapshot
An illusion of disownership over one’s own limb is associated with pain perception
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-36861-3openalex-snapshot
Virtual embodiment in fibromyalgia
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/srep30628openalex-snapshot
The sense of body ownership relaxes temporal constraints for multisensory integration
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Managing limb pain using virtual reality: a systematic review of clinical and experimental studies
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Avatar Gender and Skin-Color Incongruence in Young Chinese Male Users: A Dimension-Specific Study of Embodiment in a VR Rhythm Boxing Exergame
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/17483107.2019.1688399openalex-snapshot
Virtual reality and chronic low back pain
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002060openalex-snapshot
Virtual reality approaches to pain: toward a state of the science
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The Effect of Semi-Transparent and Interpenetrable Hands on Object Manipulation in Virtual Reality
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Effects of Congruent Multisensory Feedback on the Perception and Performance of Virtual Reality Hand-Retargeted Interaction
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/gcce65946.2025.11274868openalex-snapshot
Diminished Effects of Overlay Projection of One’s Own Body Parts on Embodiment in a Virtual Environment
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/ismar59233.2023.00087openalex-snapshot
Effects of Opaque, Transparent and Invisible Hand Visualization Styles on Motor Dexterity in a Virtual Reality Based Purdue Pegboard Test
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Experiencing Age-Related Movement Impairment Through Visual Delegation in VR Can Substitute Haptic Impairments of an Age Simulation Suit
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Do You Need Another Hand? Investigating Dual Body Representations During Anisomorphic 3D Manipulation
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Injured Avatars: The Impact of Embodied Anatomies and Virtual Injuries on Well-Being and Performance
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Effects of Avatar Transparency on Social Presence in Task-Centric Mixed Reality Remote Collaboration
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Effective VR Intervention to Reduce Implicit Bias Towards People with Physical Disabilities: The Interplay Between Experience Design and Individual Characteristics
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“One Body, But Four Hands”: Exploring the Role of Virtual Hands in Virtual Co-embodiment
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Investigating the Impact of Video Pass-Through Embodiment on Presence and Performance in Virtual Reality
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Evaluating Cutout Rendering Techniques for Pass-Through Embodiment Using a Real-Mirror Metaphor
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Visual appearance of a virtual upper limb modulates the temperature of the real hand: a thermal imaging study in Immersive Virtual Reality
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Cardiac Cycle Phase Modulates Pain Processing During Heartbeat‐Enhanced Rubber Hand Illusion
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Towards “Avatar-Friendly” 3D Manipulation Techniques: Bridging the Gap Between Sense of Embodiment and Interaction in Virtual Reality
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Embodiment in Smartphone Augmented Reality: Effects on User Performance
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Balancing Accuracy and Embodiment: A Hybrid Perspective for Complex Visuomotor Tasks in VR
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The Bodily Illusion in Adverse Conditions: Virtual Arm Ownership During Visuomotor Mismatch
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Mr Fantastic Meets The Invisible Man: An Illusion of Invisible Finger Stretching
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Virtual embodiment for improving range of motion in patients with movement-related shoulder pain: an experimental study
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Top-down effect of body representation on pain perception
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Interacting With Virtual Objects via Embodied Avatar Hands Increases the Illusion of Presence, Increases Distraction, and Modulates VR Analgesia Effectiveness: A Randomized Crossover Trial.
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Knowing the intention behind limb movements of a partner increases embodiment towards the limb of joint avatar
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In God’s virtual shoes: embodying the avatar of an omnipotent agent modulates the perception of one’s own abilities and enhances feelings of invulnerability
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Ethical Challenges of Virtual Reality Technology Interventions for the Vulnerabilities of Patients With Chronic Pain: Exploration of Technician Responsibility
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Evaluating Simulator Sickness and Acceptability of Virtual Reality Prototype in Pain Management in Hospitalized Patients
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Decreased Corticospinal Excitability after the Illusion of Missing Part of the Arm
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Immersive Virtual Reality and Virtual Embodiment for Pain Relief
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Verbal Suggestion Modulates the Sense of Ownership and Heat Pain Threshold During the “Injured” Rubber Hand Illusion
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Embodiment in Virtual Reality Intensifies Emotional Responses to Virtual Stimuli
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.787523openalex-snapshot
Is Consciousness First in Virtual Reality?
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Toward Enhanced Teleoperation Through Embodiment
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The Rocketbox Library and the Utility of Freely Available Rigged Avatars
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2021.694511openalex-snapshot
Affective and Physiological Responses During Acute Pain in Virtual Reality: The Effect of First-Person Versus Third-Person Perspective
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2022.882980openalex-snapshot
The Design and Development of an Embodied Semi-Autonomous Mentoring Intelligence (SAMI) for Use in Virtual Reality Interventions, Operationalized for the Self-Management of Chronic Pain
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QuickVR: A standard library for virtual embodiment in unity
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2022.952637openalex-snapshot
Thermal pain and detection threshold modulation in augmented reality
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2026.1757111openalex-snapshot
RGB-D egocentric segmentation of human bodies for XR applications
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10010139openalex-snapshot
Virtual Body Ownership Illusions for Mental Health: A Narrative Review
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020291openalex-snapshot
Manipulating the Perceived Shape and Color of a Virtual Limb Can Modulate Pain Responses
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2022.02518openalex-snapshot
The influence of body ownership illusion on pain and its potential mechanisms
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5057/isase.2026-c000032openalex-snapshot
Physiological Evidence of the Body Ownership Illusion of The Invisible Body in Virtual Reality
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.64628/aak.upce675tnopenalex-snapshot
Les avatars peuvent-ils remplacer notre corps ?
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Towards Avatar-Based Interaction in Virtual Reality
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