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Cleaner fish recognize self in a mirror via self-face recognition like humans
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What this work says
Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444342536.ch13openalex-snapshot
Machiavellian Intelligence in Fishes
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350020302openalex-snapshot
Self‐awareness and the emergence of mind in primates
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1994.1123openalex-snapshot
Reflections on self-recognition in primates
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2001.1761openalex-snapshot
Effect of changing harem on timing of sex change in female cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00164345openalex-snapshot
Tit for tat among neighboring hooded warblers
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-012-0513-yopenalex-snapshot
Revisiting social recognition systems in invertebrates
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-014-0761-0openalex-snapshot
Fish intelligence, sentience and ethics
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-016-0975-4openalex-snapshot
Generalized rule application in bluestreak cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus): using predator species as social tools to reduce punishment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-018-01231-4openalex-snapshot
Does a cichlid fish process face holistically? Evidence of the face inversion effect
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-019-01309-7openalex-snapshot
Mirror self-recognition and its relationship to social cognition in chimpanzees
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-021-01566-5openalex-snapshot
Fish self-awareness: limits of current knowledge and theoretical expectations
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7634(85)90010-7openalex-snapshot
Do minds exist in species other than our own?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0732-118x(93)90002-uopenalex-snapshot
Mental models of mirror-self-recognition: Two theories
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-800648-1.00002-4openalex-snapshot
Creativity in the Interaction
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.04.002openalex-snapshot
Cleaner fish and other wrasse match primates in their ability to delay gratification
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2005.09.006openalex-snapshot
Levels of consciousness and self-awareness: A comparison and integration of various neurocognitive views
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.12.047openalex-snapshot
A Species of Reef Fish that Uses Ultraviolet Patterns for Covert Face Recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2022.101785openalex-snapshot
Mirror mirror on the wall, it’s not the mark I care about at all
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.01.004openalex-snapshot
The nature of visual self-recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.04.005openalex-snapshot
Social cognition in fishes
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.001openalex-snapshot
Individual recognition: it is good to be different
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.03.007openalex-snapshot
A testable definition of individual recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02000122openalex-snapshot
The cognitive functions of language
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019460openalex-snapshot
A comparative view of face perception.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000206openalex-snapshot
Self-recognition in animals: Where do we stand 50 years later? Lessons from cleaner wrasse and other species.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000249openalex-snapshot
Self-reported inner speech illuminates the frequency and content of self-as-subject and self-as-object experiences.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/com0000223openalex-snapshot
Replication of the mirror mark test experiment in the magpie (Pica pica) does not provide evidence of self-recognition.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/35053167openalex-snapshot
Self-recognition and the right hemisphere
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02584-2openalex-snapshot
Cleaner fish are sensitive to what their partners can and cannot see
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27523openalex-snapshot
Discrimination of human faces by archerfish (Toxotes chatareus)
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503935102openalex-snapshot
The monkey in the mirror: Hardly a stranger
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608062103openalex-snapshot
Self-recognition in an Asian elephant
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101086398openalex-snapshot
Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: A case of cognitive convergence
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1811openalex-snapshot
How chimpanzees look at pictures: a comparative eye-tracking study
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2447openalex-snapshot
Cleaner wrasse indirectly affect the cognitive performance of a damselfish through ectoparasite removal
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00024openalex-snapshot
Kinesthetic‐Visual Matching and the Self‐Concept as Explanations of Mirror‐Self‐Recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.12978openalex-snapshot
Long‐term memory retention in a wild fish species Labroides dimidiatus eleven months after an aversive event
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3914.86openalex-snapshot
Chimpanzees: Self-Recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003351openalex-snapshot
A dear enemy relationship in a territorial cichlid: evidence for the threat-level hypothesis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003489openalex-snapshot
Territorial fish distinguish familiar neighbours individually
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327078in0902_6openalex-snapshot
Self-Awareness in Human and Chimpanzee Infants: What Is Measured and What Is Meant by the Mark and Mirror Test?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060202openalex-snapshot
Mirror-Induced Behavior in the Magpie (Pica pica): Evidence of Self-Recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000021openalex-snapshot
If a fish can pass the mark test, what are the implications for consciousness and self-awareness testing in animals?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001529openalex-snapshot
Further evidence for the capacity of mirror self-recognition in cleaner fish and the significance of ecologically relevant marks
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012865openalex-snapshot
Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) Do Recognize Themselves in the Mirror: Implications for the Evolution of Self-Recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142552openalex-snapshot
Facial Recognition in a Group-Living Cichlid Fish
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154543openalex-snapshot
Facial Recognition in a Discus Fish (Cichlidae): Experimental Approach Using Digital Models
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237817openalex-snapshot
Transitive inference in cleaner wrasses (Labroides dimidiatus)
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737120-00003openalex-snapshot
The Role of Self-Talk in the Awareness of Physiological State and Physical Performance
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/3034910openalex-snapshot
Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans: Developmental Perspectives.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2018.00044openalex-snapshot
Tit for Tat in the Dear Enemy Relationship Between Territorial Females of a Cichlid Fish
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.51291/2377-7478.1226openalex-snapshot
Sentience does not require “higher” cognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5134/176083openalex-snapshot
SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE PROTOGYNOUS FISH LABROIDES DIMIDIATUS
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75568openalex-snapshot
Pictorial Competence in Primates: A Cognitive Correlate of Mirror Self-Recognition?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.24728openalex-snapshot
Individual recognition and the ‘face inversion effect’ in medaka fish (Oryzias latipes)
What points at this work
Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4687772openalex-extracted
Self-Face Processing in Relation to Self-Referential Tasks in 24-Month-Old Infants: A Study Through Eye Movements and Pupillometry Measures
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70281openalex-snapshot
Sensorimotor Complexity and Cognition as Predictors of Primate Brain Size
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-75332-9_12openalex-snapshot
Specific Rights in Nonhuman Animal Rights Declarations (Part 2)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-88233-3_22openalex-snapshot
Self-Awareness and Personhood in Non-Human Animals
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-66740-8_17openalex-snapshot
Ansichten zur Evolution der Zelle im Wandel der Zeit – vom Ursprung zur Vielfalt
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-69274-5_6openalex-snapshot
Dritter Gipfel – Fische und der Vertrackte Spiegel
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-7163-2_6openalex-snapshot
Do Fish Recognize Their Mirror Images as Itself via Face-Recognition Like Humans?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-7163-2_7openalex-snapshot
Fishes’ Meta Self-awareness and Issues Related to MSR
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-7163-2_8openalex-snapshot
When Exactly Do Cleaner Wrasse Recognize the Mirror Image as the Self?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-7163-2_9openalex-snapshot
Study of Eureka-Moments in Fish
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-023-01790-1openalex-snapshot
African jewel fish (Hemichromis bimaculatus) distinguish individual faces based on their unique iridophore patterns
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-025-01959-wopenalex-snapshot
Cleaner wrasse failed in early testing stages of both visual and spatial working memory paradigms
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-026-02095-9openalex-snapshot
Responses to operant conditioning in the corn snake, Pantherophis guttatus, using olfactory and visual stimuli
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-025-02017-5openalex-snapshot
The importance of copepods for growth and pigmentation of the Brazilian basslet Gramma brasiliensis larvae
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-026-12517-zopenalex-snapshot
Genomic and regulatory basis of visual opsin genes in the cleaner wrasse behavior: features, expression, and enhancer mechanisms
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-024-04529-8openalex-snapshot
HOTT and heavy: higher-order thought theory and the theory-heavy approach to animal consciousness
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-025-00910-0openalex-snapshot
The Evolutionary Origin of Self-Awareness in Vertebrates: The “Self-Awareness Homology Hypothesis”
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-026-00994-2openalex-snapshot
Valence, Mirror Self-Recognition, and the Gradualist Evolution of Consciousness
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123510openalex-snapshot
Rethinking self-awareness: insights and biases from self-recognition research
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739654openalex-snapshot
Cognitive enrichment to increase fish welfare in aquaculture: A review
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2025.743376openalex-snapshot
Focusing on biological stimuli: a new framework for environmental enrichment in aquaculture and fisheries fields
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105076openalex-snapshot
Ghost crab (Ocypode quadrata) modify their behavior during mirror exposure
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2026.106438openalex-snapshot
A cognitive fallacy in a fish? Glass catfish, like humans, make sub-optimal choices in the Monty Hall dilemma
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2024.103803openalex-snapshot
Self-face processing in relation to self-referential tasks in 24-month-old infants: A study through eye movements and pupillometry measures
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2025.03.005openalex-snapshot
The value of ecologically irrelevant animal cognition research
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x25101453openalex-snapshot
A fishy perspective on the social brain hypothesis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-00352-2openalex-snapshot
This fish knows its own face in a mirror
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-01144-yopenalex-snapshot
Do insects have an inner life? Animal consciousness needs a rethink
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70138-7openalex-snapshot
Cleaner fish with mirror self-recognition capacity precisely realize their body size based on their mental image
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-25837-0openalex-snapshot
Rapid self-recognition ability in the cleaner fish
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2303923120openalex-snapshot
Reply to Morin: Cleaner fish have a concept of the self
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2023.2270653openalex-snapshot
Individuality really matters for fish welfare
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780198962373.001.0001openalex-snapshot
Dreams, Jokes, and Songs
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780198962373.002.0002openalex-snapshot
Other Books by Paul Thagard
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780198962373.003.0001openalex-snapshot
Rungs on the Ladder to Consciousness
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780198962373.003.0002openalex-snapshot
How Consciousness Works
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780198962373.003.0004openalex-snapshot
Jokes, Humour, and Laughter
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780198962373.003.0006openalex-snapshot
Religion, Sports, and Other Domains of Consciousness
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780198962373.003.0010openalex-snapshot
Alternative Theories of Consciousness
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.241888openalex-snapshot
Three-spined sticklebacks recognize familiar individuals by facial recognition
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2024.0124openalex-snapshot
The fish challenge to vertebrate cognitive evolution
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2024.0255openalex-snapshot
Embodied cognitive evolution and the limits of convergence
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2024.0312openalex-snapshot
On the mirror test and the evolutionary origin of self-awareness in vertebrates
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2024.02.21.581075openalex-snapshot
Correlation between bioluminescent blinks and swimming behavior in the splitfin flashlight fish Anomalops katoptron
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.17.618800openalex-snapshot
Social benefits of facial experssion in a cichlid fish: Testing the face concentration hypothesis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.23.619764openalex-snapshot
Three-spined sticklebacks recognise familiar individuals by facial recognition
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.18.677057openalex-snapshot
Bodily Self in Macaque Monkeys and Human Infants
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.70014openalex-snapshot
Alteration of cleaner wrasse cognition and brain morphology under marine heatwaves
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.15823openalex-snapshot
Minimizing the time to evaluate pheromone‐mediated reduction of aggressive behavior in Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.70240openalex-snapshot
Measuring fish cognition: empirical‐based guidance for designing cognition assays
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.70005openalex-snapshot
The influence of sleep disruption on learning and memory in fish
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1126/science.adp4990openalex-snapshot
Evaluating animal consciousness
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1159/000546896openalex-snapshot
A Review and Critique of Studies Examining Empathy in Infants
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-024-02283-6openalex-snapshot
Correlation between bioluminescent blinks and swimming behavior in the splitfin flashlight fish Anomalops katoptron
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-023-01682-3openalex-snapshot
Gene losses, parallel evolution and heightened expression confer adaptations to dedicated cleaning behaviour
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-025-00258-zopenalex-snapshot
Characteristics of the sleep structure in the cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.249694openalex-snapshot
Client reef fish prefer more blue-saturated cleaner wrasses Labroides dimidiatus
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291416openalex-snapshot
Roosters do not warn the bird in the mirror: The cognitive ecology of mirror self-recognition
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0348287openalex-snapshot
Evidence for mirror self-recognition in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2108/zs220088openalex-snapshot
Male Guppies Recognize Familiar Conspecific Males by Their Face
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.wa3140-1openalex-snapshot
1. Unraveling complex societies in fish from the perspective of “Cognitive Evolutionary Ecology”
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.wa3140-4openalex-snapshot
4. How we should treat fish that will have self-awareness and “mind”
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.25312/2391-5137.ns23_npanopenalex-snapshot
Antropocentryzm, uprzedmiotowienie i animalizacja w języku polskim
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.32942/x21k62openalex-snapshot
The cytoarchitecture of the telencephalon of Labroides dimidiatus (Labridae)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3330/hikakuseiriseika.42.57openalex-snapshot
Study of mirror self-recognition: Animals’ self-awareness and its evolution
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1497386openalex-snapshot
The ability of teleost fishes to recognize individual faces suggests an early evolutionary origin in vertebrates
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223187openalex-snapshot
Using an Automated Operant Conditioning Procedure to Test Colour Discrimination in Two Juvenile Piranhas, Pygocentrus nattereri: A Lesson on Failures and Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010086openalex-snapshot
One Biology and the Status of Humans
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15070734openalex-snapshot
Evolutionary Trajectories of Consciousness: From Biological Foundations to Technological Horizons
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/bs13070525openalex-snapshot
The Self Course: Lessons Learned from Students’ Weekly Questions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060277openalex-snapshot
Causes and Consequences of Cognitive Variation in Fishes
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-023-00586-0openalex-snapshot
Beyond the mark: Signatures of self-recognition in fish
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26612396openalex-snapshot
Additional file 1 of Gene losses, parallel evolution and heightened expression confer adaptations to dedicated cleaning behaviour
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26612399openalex-snapshot
Additional file 2 of Gene losses, parallel evolution and heightened expression confer adaptations to dedicated cleaning behaviour
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26747462openalex-snapshot
Additional file 1 of Correlation between bioluminescent blinks and swimming behavior in the splitfin flashlight fish Anomalops katoptron
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26747465openalex-snapshot
Additional file 2 of Correlation between bioluminescent blinks and swimming behavior in the splitfin flashlight fish Anomalops katoptron
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26747468openalex-snapshot
Additional file 3 of Correlation between bioluminescent blinks and swimming behavior in the splitfin flashlight fish Anomalops katoptron
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