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An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences in Police Use of Force

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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

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Seeing Black: Race, Crime, and Visual Processing.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1086/258055openalex-snapshot
Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution
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Nobel Lecture: The Economic Way of Looking at Behavior
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1086/262045openalex-snapshot
The Role of Premarket Factors in Black-White Wage Differences
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1086/318603openalex-snapshot
Racial Bias in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1086/684292openalex-snapshot
An Economic Analysis of Black-White Disparities in the New York Police Department’s Stop-and-Frisk Program
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300554881openalex-snapshot
Economics and Identity*
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1162/003355301556329openalex-snapshot
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Statistical Theories of Discrimination in Labor Markets
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1198/016214506000001040openalex-snapshot
An Analysis of the New York City Police Department's “Stop-and-Frisk” Policy in the Context of Claims of Racial Bias
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1198/jasa.2009.0034openalex-snapshot
Doubly Robust Internal Benchmarking and False Discovery Rates for Detecting Racial Bias in Police Stops
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.4.4.25openalex-snapshot
The Role of Human Capital in Earnings Differences Between Black and White Men
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181004openalex-snapshot
Reconciling Results on Racial Differences in Police Shootings
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2202/1935-1704.1357openalex-snapshot
A Categorical Model of Cognition and Biased Decision Making

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An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences in Police Use of Force: A Comment
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An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences in Police Use of Force: A Response
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Inequality in the Provision of Police Services: Evidence from Residential Burglary Investigations
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Selecting Penalty Parameters of High-Dimensional M-Estimators Using Bootstrapping after Cross Validation
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No Justice, No Peace
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Introduction
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What Violent Protestors Want
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Justifying Protective Harm
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The Necessity and Effectiveness of Violence
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The Moral Seriousness of Harm to Police Officers
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Harm to Fellow Citizens
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Redistributing Protective Harm
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Assessing Violent Protests
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Responding to Violent Protestors
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Conclusions
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Contemporary Politics and Classical Chinese Thought
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Preface
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197693162.003.0001openalex-snapshot
Narratives for Peace
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197693162.003.0002openalex-snapshot
Corporations, Rivers, and Now Robots
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197693162.003.0003openalex-snapshot
Harmony and the Land
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197693162.003.0004openalex-snapshot
Defund the Police, Refund for Harmony
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197693162.003.0005openalex-snapshot
Proud Vermin
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197693162.003.0006openalex-snapshot
Justified Revolution in Contemporary American Democracy
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197693162.003.0007openalex-snapshot
About the Authors
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197823316.001.0001openalex-snapshot
Protecting Life
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197823316.003.0001openalex-snapshot
Introduction
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197823316.003.0003openalex-snapshot
Self-Defense, Policing, and War
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197823316.003.0004openalex-snapshot
The Priority of Protecting Life
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197823316.003.0005openalex-snapshot
Distributive Justice and Deadly Force
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197823316.003.0007openalex-snapshot
Aggressors with Mental Illness
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197823316.003.0008openalex-snapshot
Racial Disparities in Police Deadly Force
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197823316.003.0009openalex-snapshot
Police-Generated Killings
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197823316.003.0010openalex-snapshot
Fleeing “Dangerous” Suspects
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197823316.003.0011openalex-snapshot
Conclusion
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197823316.003.0012openalex-snapshot
Acknowledgments
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197823316.005.0001openalex-snapshot
Model Deadly Force Policy
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/ectj/utad008openalex-snapshot
Causal inference and data fusion in econometrics
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvac039openalex-snapshot
Do Police Maximize Arrests or Minimize Crime? Evidence from Racial Profiling in U.S. Cities
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewaa025openalex-snapshot
Collective Bargaining Rights and Police Misconduct: Evidence from Florida
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewab002openalex-snapshot
An Absolute Test of Racial Prejudice
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/jrsssa/qnag013openalex-snapshot
Causal inference and racial bias in policing: new estimands and the importance of mobility data
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780195396607-0307openalex-snapshot
Stop-and-Frisk Policing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859307.003.0026openalex-snapshot
Race, Evidence, and Epistemic Injustice
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198837367.013.28openalex-snapshot
State Capitalism in the United States
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa027openalex-snapshot
The Effects of Police Violence on Inner-City Students*
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa046openalex-snapshot
Who Gets a Second Chance? Effectiveness and Equity in Supervision of Criminal Offenders
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjab018openalex-snapshot
Would Eliminating Racial Disparities in Motor Vehicle Searches have Efficiency Costs?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjac037openalex-snapshot
Inflammatory Political Campaigns and Racial Bias in Policing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjae039openalex-snapshot
A Cognitive View of Policing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdad082openalex-snapshot
On the Use of Outcome Tests for Detecting Bias in Decision Making
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spae016openalex-snapshot
Does Racial Bias Explain the Black-White Sentencing Gap across U.S. Courts?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swac002openalex-snapshot
African Americans and Law Enforcement: Tackling a Foundational Component of Structural Reform—Union Disciplinary Procedures
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2025.2523openalex-snapshot
The development of bribe-taking aversion in four societies
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-02-2026-0056openalex-snapshot
Unequal crime reporting: trust in the police and racial disparities in reporting theft and robbery in Brazil
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-08-2024-0137openalex-snapshot
Correlates of peoples’ fearfulness of, and inaccuracy about, police during the COVID-19 pandemic
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1108/s0163-786x20220000046004openalex-snapshot
The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same: A Spatial Analysis of Historical and Contemporary Incidents of Police Violence
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/sieds69358.2026.11540293openalex-snapshot
Socioeconomic Drivers of Adult Disproportionate Minority Contact
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12374openalex-snapshot
The social foundations of racial inequalities in arrest over the life course and in changing times
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12661openalex-snapshot
Challenges in creating humane and equitable policing: A focus on the Global South
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12545openalex-snapshot
The nature of discrimination in recreation decision making
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12800openalex-snapshot
LAW ENFORCEMENT LEADERS AND THE RACIAL COMPOSITION OF ARRESTS
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12715openalex-snapshot
The changing faces of the modern state
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jacc.13533openalex-snapshot
A new fundamentalism rising: The Southern Baptist Battle against the CRT “worldview”
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jels.12343openalex-snapshot
Racial bias as a multi‐stage , multi‐actor problem: An analysis of pretrial detention
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jori.12386openalex-snapshot
Race discrimination in the adjudication of claims: Evidence from earthquake insurance
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/lapo.70016openalex-snapshot
The Conditional Impacts of Organizations and Supervisors on the Tension Between Officers and Citizens
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.70184openalex-snapshot
A Relational Theory of Inequality in the Criminal Legal System
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