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Cognitive effort exertion enhances electrophysiological responses to rewarding outcomes

https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab480
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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

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Causal role of lateral prefrontal cortex in mental effort and fatigue
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Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty
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A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact
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The psychology of sunk cost
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Show me the Money: The impact of actual rewards and losses on the feedback negativity
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.045openalex-snapshot
I endeavor to make it: Effort increases valuation of subsequent monetary reward
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.007openalex-snapshot
Brain Stimulation Over the Frontopolar Cortex Enhances Motivation to Exert Effort for Reward
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.08.054openalex-snapshot
Expectancy effects in feedback processing are explained primarily by time-frequency delta not theta
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107910openalex-snapshot
The effect of perceived effort and perceived control on reward valuation: Using the reward positivity to test a dissonance theory prediction
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.028openalex-snapshot
The impact of cognitive load on reward evaluation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.08.025openalex-snapshot
Anterior cingulate activity to monetary loss and basal ganglia activity to monetary gain uniquely contribute to the feedback negativity
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.01.025openalex-snapshot
Motivation for the greater good: neural mechanisms of overcoming costs
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.12.004openalex-snapshot
Cognitive capacity limitations and Need for Cognition differentially predict reward-induced cognitive effort expenditure
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2008.12.014openalex-snapshot
Dissecting components of reward: ‘liking’, ‘wanting’, and learning
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2015.04.003openalex-snapshot
Dopamine enhances willingness to exert effort for reward in Parkinson's disease
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.01.011openalex-snapshot
Psychometric properties of neural responses to monetary and social rewards across development
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002openalex-snapshot
The IKEA effect: When labor leads to love
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.11.017openalex-snapshot
PsychoPy—Psychophysics software in Python
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.11.001openalex-snapshot
Anticipatory and consummatory components of the experience of pleasure: A scale development study
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.080openalex-snapshot
Separate and overlapping brain areas encode subjective value during delay and effort discounting
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.029openalex-snapshot
Modulation of ventral striatal activity by cognitive effort
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.049openalex-snapshot
Integration of reward with cost anticipation during performance monitoring revealed by ERPs and EEG spectral perturbations
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117656openalex-snapshot
The effort-doors task: Examining the temporal dynamics of effort-based reward processing using ERPs
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.007openalex-snapshot
The Expected Value of Control: An Integrative Theory of Anterior Cingulate Cortex Function
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.003openalex-snapshot
The anatomy of apathy: A neurocognitive framework for amotivated behaviour
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.032openalex-snapshot
Sleep deprivation increases the costs of attentional effort: Performance, preference and pupil size
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.05.006openalex-snapshot
The opportunity cost of time modulates cognitive effort
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.06.010openalex-snapshot
Electrophysiological indices of anterior cingulate cortex function reveal changing levels of cognitive effort and reward valuation that sustain task performance
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107311openalex-snapshot
Decomposing the effort paradox in reward processing: Time matters
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110283openalex-snapshot
Cognitive effort investment and opportunity costs in strategic decision-making: An individual differences examination
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.03.005openalex-snapshot
Development and validation of a 30-item short adaptation of the Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (MASQ)
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2018.01.007openalex-snapshot
The Effort Paradox: Effort Is Both Costly and Valued
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023910315561openalex-snapshot
Rumination Reconsidered: A Psychometric Analysis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015458openalex-snapshot
Origin of endowments in public good games: The impact of effort on contributions.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020198openalex-snapshot
Decision making and the avoidance of cognitive demand.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022124openalex-snapshot
Externalizing psychopathology and gain–loss feedback in a simulated gambling task: Dissociable components of brain response revealed by time-frequency analysis.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028813openalex-snapshot
Effort-based decision-making in major depressive disorder: A translational model of motivational anhedonia.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000081openalex-snapshot
Blunted neural response to rewards as a vulnerability factor for depression: Results from a family study.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000662openalex-snapshot
Intergenerational transmission of depression risk: Mothers’ neural response to reward and history of depression are associated with daughters’ neural response to reward across adolescence.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024835openalex-snapshot
Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000842openalex-snapshot
It’s all relative: Reward-induced cognitive control modulation depends on context.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-00834-1openalex-snapshot
Methylphenidate boosts choices of mental labor over leisure depending on striatal dopamine synthesis capacity
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0401-9openalex-snapshot
Mental labour
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-018-0029-9openalex-snapshot
Neuroscience of apathy and anhedonia: a transdiagnostic approach
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2openalex-snapshot
SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30220-3openalex-snapshot
Computational modelling reveals distinct patterns of cognitive and physical motivation in elite athletes
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907250107openalex-snapshot
Context-dependent utility overrides absolute memory as a determinant of choice
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy341openalex-snapshot
Dopamine restores cognitive motivation in Parkinson’s disease
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhi063openalex-snapshot
Monetary Incentives Enhance Processing in Brain Regions Mediating Top-down Control of Attention
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nss147openalex-snapshot
Effort increases sensitivity to reward and loss magnitude in the human brain
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.1974.1100705openalex-snapshot
A new look at the statistical model identification
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01485.xopenalex-snapshot
Blunted neural response to rewards prospectively predicts depression in adolescent girls
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12370openalex-snapshot
The reward positivity: From basic research on reward to a biomarker for depression
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12390openalex-snapshot
Time‐frequency theta and delta measures index separable components of feedback processing in a gambling task
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12639openalex-snapshot
How to get statistically significant effects in any ERP experiment (and why you shouldn't)
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13195openalex-snapshot
Effects of reward context on feedback processing as indexed by time‐frequency analysis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar8644openalex-snapshot
Sensitivity to “sunk costs” in mice, rats, and humans
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz5891openalex-snapshot
Dopamine promotes cognitive effort by biasing the benefits versus costs of cognitive work
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031526openalex-snapshot
Toward a Rational and Mechanistic Account of Mental Effort
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015044openalex-snapshot
Motivation and Cognitive Control: From Behavior to Neural Mechanism
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976211005465openalex-snapshot
Acute Psychosocial Stress Increases Cognitive-Effort Avoidance
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702620917463openalex-snapshot
Risk and Resilience in an Acute Stress Paradigm: Evidence From Salivary Cortisol and Time-Frequency Analysis of the Reward Positivity
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4803_13openalex-snapshot
The Efficient Assessment of Need for Cognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344136openalex-snapshot
Estimating the Dimension of a Model
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002598openalex-snapshot
Neurocomputational mechanisms underlying subjective valuation of effort costs
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004116openalex-snapshot
Behavioral Modeling of Human Choices Reveals Dissociable Effects of Physical Effort and Temporal Delay on Reward Devaluation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068210openalex-snapshot
What Is the Subjective Cost of Cognitive Effort? Load, Trait, and Aging Effects Revealed by Economic Preference
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072626openalex-snapshot
Neural and Behavioral Evidence for an Intrinsic Cost of Self-Control
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091008openalex-snapshot
Overlapping Neural Systems Represent Cognitive Effort and Reward Anticipation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503620766openalex-snapshot
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2524-16.2017openalex-snapshot
Effort-Based Reinforcement Processing and Functional Connectivity Underlying Amotivation in Medicated Patients with Depression and Schizophrenia
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3071-18.2019openalex-snapshot
The Subjective Value of Cognitive Effort is Encoded by a Domain-General Valuation Network
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4515-08.2009openalex-snapshot
Effort-Based Cost–Benefit Valuation and the Human Brain
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.6459-11.2012openalex-snapshot
Dopaminergic Mechanisms of Individual Differences in Human Effort-Based Decision-Making
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00157openalex-snapshot
The Effect of Perceived Effort on Reward Valuation: Taking the Reward Positivity (RewP) to Dissonance Theory
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00287openalex-snapshot
Losses Motivate Cognitive Effort More Than Gains in Effort-Based Decision Making and Performance
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/cabn.9.1.16openalex-snapshot
Effort discounting in human nucleus accumbens
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/pbr.15.3.673openalex-snapshot
Cognitive dissonance in children: Justification of effort or contrast?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-012-0104-zopenalex-snapshot
Better late than never? The effect of feedback delay on ERP indices of reward processing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-015-0334-yopenalex-snapshot
Cognitive effort: A neuroeconomic approach
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-020-00843-zopenalex-snapshot
Task-evoked pupillary responses track effort exertion: Evidence from task-switching
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.59410openalex-snapshot
Forced choices reveal a trade-off between cognitive effort and physical pain

What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

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Experimental Evidence that Exerting Effort Increases Meaning
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.70290openalex-snapshot
Effort Expenditure Reduces Prosocial Decision‐Making: Computational Principles and Neural Mechanisms
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-025-02128-xopenalex-snapshot
Disentangling the effects of task difficulty and effort on flow experience
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-026-10196-8openalex-snapshot
The allocation of limited life resources: effects of mortality awareness and hedonic vs. Eudaimonic orientation on cognitive effort
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-024-00890-xopenalex-snapshot
Neurobiological foundations and clinical relevance of effort-based decision-making
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-08809-5openalex-snapshot
Latent profiles of effort roles and their impact on task experience and behavior
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2025.04.002openalex-snapshot
Effort paradox redux: Rethinking how effort shapes social behavior
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114979openalex-snapshot
Neural substrates of the interaction between effort-expenditure reward decision-making and outcome anticipation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108480openalex-snapshot
Expending effort may share neural responses with reward and evokes high subjective satisfaction
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105107openalex-snapshot
Information about task progress modulates cognitive demand avoidance
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106065openalex-snapshot
Experimental evidence that exerting effort increases meaning
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2026.106628openalex-snapshot
Throwing good effort after bad: Evidence for a sunk-cost effect in cognitive effort-based decision-making
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2024.03.014openalex-snapshot
Disentangling effort from probability of success: Temporal dynamics of frontal midline theta in effort-based reward processing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2024.112484openalex-snapshot
Are you worth the wait? Waiting time modulates the social feedback processing: Evidence from event-related potentials
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102771openalex-snapshot
Value through cognitive effort: Working for an environmental organization increases subsequent donations
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137632openalex-snapshot
Is providing choices always a good thing? the backfire effect of providing choices on competence restoration
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119582openalex-snapshot
Expectations of immediate and delayed reward differentially affect cognitive task performance
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107652openalex-snapshot
Dopaminergic medication increases motivation to exert cognitive control by reducing subjective effort costs in Parkinson’s patients
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2026.103223openalex-snapshot
Tracking the temporal dynamics of post-effort reward valuation: The role of individual differences in physical effort valuation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2025.10.012openalex-snapshot
Why is cognitive effort experienced as costly?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2025.11.005openalex-snapshot
The Reward Positivity signals a goal prediction error
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2025.100724openalex-snapshot
An inverted U-shaped relationship between chronic stress and the motivation to expend effort for reward
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291726103249openalex-snapshot
Inefficient integration between effort and reward in anhedonia
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-18510-zopenalex-snapshot
The effects of investment cost and cues of reward and punishment on cognitive task performance
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1061/jcemd4.coeng-17924openalex-snapshot
EEG-Based Neural Mechanisms of Confidence and Metacognition in Construction Safety Hazard Recognition
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhad074openalex-snapshot
Initiative apathy trait underlies individual differences in the ability to anticipate and expend cognitive effort in cost-benefit decision-making tasks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhad207openalex-snapshot
Physical effort paradox during reward evaluation and links to perceived control
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhae095openalex-snapshot
Effort expenditure modulates feedback evaluations involving self–other agreement: evidence from brain potentials and neural oscillations
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhae193openalex-snapshot
Aberrant effort-based reward dynamics in anhedonia
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsae063openalex-snapshot
Neural dynamics underlying the illusion of control during reward processing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaf016openalex-snapshot
Exercising self-control increases responsivity to hedonic and eudaimonic rewards
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2023.06.20.545770openalex-snapshot
Need for cognition moderates cognitive effort aversion
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.28.615624openalex-snapshot
Test-Retest Reliability and Repeatability of Behavioral and Electrophysiological Markers in an Eriksen Flanker Task
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14451openalex-snapshot
Effort discounts reward‐based control allocation: A neurodynamic perspective
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.70372openalex-snapshot
Reliability of Outcome Monitoring Indices After Effort Exertion: A Psychometric Evaluation of the Effort‐Doors Task for the Study of Individual Differences
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01905openalex-snapshot
The Average Reward Rate Modulates Behavioral and Neural Indices of Effortful Control Allocation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/01461672251343392openalex-snapshot
Self-Regulation Via Visual Fixation: Effects of Strategic Shifting of Attentional Scope on Running Intensity
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/08902070261449063openalex-snapshot
Tuned Out, Not Drawn In: Blunted Neural Sensitivity to Social Reward in Narcissism
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287954openalex-snapshot
Need for cognition moderates the relief of avoiding cognitive effort
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0647-24.2024openalex-snapshot
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation over the Frontopolar Cortex Promotes Willingness to Exert Cognitive Effort in a Foraging-Like Sequential Choice Task
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/j6r49openalex-snapshot
Rational Inattention With Running Cost As A Measure of Cognitive Effort
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yagn5_v1openalex-snapshot
Demand Avoidance in Value-Based Choice Under Risk: A Behavioral and Pupillometric Examination
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yagn5_v2openalex-snapshot
Demand Avoidance in Value-Based Choice Under Risk: A Behavioral and Pupillometric Examination
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/z3g9copenalex-snapshot
Experimental evidence that exerting effort increases meaning
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-023-01131-2openalex-snapshot
Dissociable neural after-effects of cognitive and physical effort expenditure during reward evaluation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-024-01194-9openalex-snapshot
Bumpy ride ahead: Anticipated effort as emotional evidence?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-025-01336-7openalex-snapshot
Test-retest reliability and repeatability of behavioral and electrophysiological markers of cognitive control in an Eriksen Flanker Task
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-025-01353-6openalex-snapshot
Shared and distinct features of common effort-based decision-making paradigms and their relation to brain structure and neuropsychiatric conditions: An integrated narrative review
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-025-01381-2openalex-snapshot
When effort fuels risk: Cognitive exertion increases risk-taking for gains but reduces it for losses
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-025-01392-zopenalex-snapshot
Demand avoidance in value-based choice under risk: A behavioral and pupillometric examination
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.7554/elife.103566openalex-snapshot
Effort produces after-effects costly for others but valued for self
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.7554/elife.103566.1openalex-snapshot
Dissociable after-effects of prosocial acts: Effort is costly for others but valued for self
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.7554/elife.103566.2openalex-snapshot
Dissociable after-effects of prosocial acts: Effort is costly for others but valued for self
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.7554/elife.103566.4openalex-snapshot
Effort produces after-effects costly for others but valued for self
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15868openalex-snapshot
Rewarding outcomes enhance attentional capture and delay attentional disengagement
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