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Immortal time bias in critical care research: Application of time-varying Cox regression for observational cohort studies*
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What this work says
Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.
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Nosocomial Bloodstream Infection in Critically III Patients
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Nosocomial bloodstream infection in critically ill patients. Excess length of stay, extra costs, and attributable mortality
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.21.2703openalex-snapshot
Delirium in Mechanically Ventilated Patients
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.14.1753openalex-snapshot
Delirium as a Predictor of Mortality in Mechanically Ventilated Patients in the Intensive Care Unit
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Estimating Risk of Cancer Associated With Radiation Exposure From 64-Slice Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography
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Immortal time bias in observational studies of drug effects
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A non‐parametric graphical representation of the relationship between survival and the occurrence of an event: Application to responder versus non‐responder bias
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Event history graphs for censored survival data
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Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium
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Comment on “Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium” by Ouimet et al.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-007-0978-3openalex-snapshot
Early versus late intravenous insulin administration in critically ill patients
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Time-dependent bias was common in survival analyses published in leading clinical journals
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Violence-Related Mortality in Iraq from 2002 to 2006
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Evaluation of Response-Time Data Involving Transient States: An Illustration Using Heart-Transplant Data
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Covariance Analysis of Heart Transplant Survival Data
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R: A Language for Data Analysis and Graphics
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Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: Validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU)
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000110878.49476.42openalex-snapshot
Genomic polymorphisms in sepsis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000119424.31648.1eopenalex-snapshot
Severe bloodstream infections: A population-based assessment*
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000145587.16421.bbopenalex-snapshot
The impact of delirium on the survival of mechanically ventilated patients*
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000150026.85210.13openalex-snapshot
Outcome of mechanically ventilated patients who require a tracheostomy*
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000150743.16005.9aopenalex-snapshot
Haloperidol use is associated with lower hospital mortality in mechanically ventilated patients*
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000275391.35834.10openalex-snapshot
An economic evaluation of prolonged mechanical ventilation*
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Acute kidney injury criteria predict outcomes of critically ill patients*
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Quantifying the impact of survivor treatment bias in observational studies
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Regression Models and Life-Tables
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The Conformation of Fluid Membranes: Monte Carlo Simulations
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Effectiveness of Inhaled Corticosteroids in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200708-1214ocopenalex-snapshot
Potential Value of Regionalized Intensive Care for Mechanically Ventilated Medical Patients
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1198/000313005x70371openalex-snapshot
Illustrating the Impact of a Time-Varying Covariate With an Extended Kaplan-Meier Estimator
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.124.6.2239openalex-snapshot
Incidence, Etiology, and Outcome of Nosocomial Pneumonia in ICU Patients Requiring Percutaneous Tracheotomy for Mechanical Ventilation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.127.1.233openalex-snapshot
Cytomegalovirus Infection in Critically Ill Patients
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-124-11-199606010-00008openalex-snapshot
Survivor Treatment Selection Bias in Observational Studies: Examples from the AIDS Literature
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-145-5-200609050-00009openalex-snapshot
Do Oscar Winners Live Longer than Less Successful Peers? A Reanalysis of the Evidence
What points at this work
Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.
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Cytomegalovirus reactivation and mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome
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Is research from databases reliable? Yes
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Violations of proportional hazard assumption in Cox regression model of transcriptomic data in TCGA pan-cancer cohorts
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Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients managed without repeat endoscopic resection for metachronous esophageal squamous neoplasia
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Role of immunosuppression regimen in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in pediatric heart transplant patients
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New-onset atrial fibrillation or flutter during the ICU stay and mortality in patients with sepsis-associated myocardial injury: a time-varying cohort study
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Efficacy of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for super-aged heart failure population
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Time-dependent study entries and exposures in cohort studies can easily be sources of different and avoidable types of bias
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Length of stay and mortality due to Clostridium difficile infection acquired in the intensive care unit
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Delirium and coma evaluated in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit in Japan: A multi-institutional prospective observational study
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Hospital outcomes associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation during ICU admission: A multicentre competing risks analysis
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When is simple too simple? Immortal time bias in critical care*
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Immortal time bias in critical care
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Immortal time bias in critical care research
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Delirium duration and mortality in lightly sedated, mechanically ventilated intensive care patients*
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Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Pain, Agitation, and Delirium in Adult Patients in the Intensive Care Unit
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Use of menopausal hormone therapy beyond age 65 years and its effects on women's health outcomes by types, routes, and doses
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Aspirin and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma development in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis
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Effectiveness of Long-term Acute Care Hospitalization in Elderly Patients With Chronic Critical Illness
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Expanding the statistical toolbox
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Incidence and Risk Factors for Diaphragmatic Herniation Following Esophagectomy for Cancer
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Secondary invasive fungal infection in hospitalised patients with COVID ‐19 in the United States
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Inappropriate shock incidence in patients with subcutaneous implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators with concomitant cardiac implantable electronic devices: A single‐center cohort study
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Effects of neonatal peripherally inserted central venous catheter failure in the neonatal intensive care unit and the associated clinical implications
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Clinical Impact of Antimicrobial Resistance in European Hospitals: Excess Mortality and Length of Hospital Stay Related to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections
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Clinical Impact of Antimicrobial Resistance in European Hospitals: Excess Mortality and Length of Hospital Stay Related to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections
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The attributable mortality of delirium in critically ill patients: prospective cohort study
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Is Combination Antiviral Therapy Mandatory for Maintenance Therapy in Fully Suppressed Multidrug-Resistant Hepatitis B Patients?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5596829openalex-snapshot
Chinese Herbal Medicine as an Adjunctive Therapy Improves the Survival Rate of Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.11575/prism/28283openalex-snapshot
The Progression of Serious Mental Disorders to Mortality in Primary Care
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.11575/prism/32791openalex-snapshot
Evaluating the Association Between Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit and Subsequent Neuropsychiatric Disorders Post-Stay
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201307-1256ocopenalex-snapshot
Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Delirium Symptoms. Length of Stay, Function, and Quality of Life in a 114-Patient Cohort
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201412-2156edopenalex-snapshot
Nature, Nurture, and Lung Volumes
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201412-2179edopenalex-snapshot
Willie Sutton and the Future of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Research
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201706-1172ocopenalex-snapshot
Corticosteroid Therapy for Critically Ill Patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201810-1906cpopenalex-snapshot
Timing of Renal Replacement Therapy for Severe Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202008-3238cpopenalex-snapshot
Attention to Immortal Time Bias in Critical Care Research
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/10600280251397359openalex-snapshot
Remdesivir and Renal Outcomes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients Without Severe Renal Impairment: A Retrospective Cohort Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1077559518790695openalex-snapshot
Moderating Role of the Form of Maltreatment Experienced by Children on the Effectiveness of a Parent Training Program
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/11795549231161878openalex-snapshot
Clinical Outcomes of Stereotactic Radiosurgery-Related Radiation Necrosis in Patients with Intracranial Metastasis from Melanoma
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/13872877251378773openalex-snapshot
Machine learning-based risk scores are associated with conversion to dementia in Veterans
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/2040622318779760openalex-snapshot
Assessing the incidence of acidosis in patients receiving metformin with and without risk factors for lactic acidosis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/cc10063openalex-snapshot
Statins do not prevent acute organ failure in ventilated ICU patients: single-centre retrospective cohort study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/cc10233openalex-snapshot
Are we sedating more than just the brain?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/cc13056openalex-snapshot
Nebulised amphotericin B to eradicate Candida colonisation from the respiratory tract in critically ill patients receiving selective digestive decontamination: a cohort study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-021-01393-9openalex-snapshot
Analytical challenges in estimating the effect of exposures that are bounded by follow-up time: experiences from the Blood Stream Infection—Focus on Outcomes study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-025-02739-3openalex-snapshot
Identifying, handling and impact of immortal time bias on addressing treatment effects in observational studies using routinely collected data
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-023-03187-wopenalex-snapshot
NHS Health Check attendance is associated with reduced multiorgan disease risk: a matched cohort study in the UK Biobank
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-016-1230-8openalex-snapshot
The influence of corticosteroid treatment on the outcome of influenza A(H1N1pdm09)-related critical illness
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03193-xopenalex-snapshot
Association between delirium in the intensive care unit and subsequent neuropsychiatric disorders
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03429-wopenalex-snapshot
Corticosteroid therapy in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a multicenter, retrospective study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-021-03457-0openalex-snapshot
Incidence, prognostic factors, and outcomes of venous thromboembolism in critically ill patients: data from two prospective cohort studies
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-021-03588-4openalex-snapshot
Relationship between ventilator-associated pneumonia and mortality in COVID-19 patients: a planned ancillary analysis of the coVAPid cohort
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-021-03634-1openalex-snapshot
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-021-00800-zopenalex-snapshot
Additive interaction of mid- to late-life depression and cerebrovascular disease on the risk of dementia: a nationwide population-based cohort study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-022-01067-9openalex-snapshot
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock: a meta-analysis of mortality and complications
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1200/jco.22.02472openalex-snapshot
Smoking Cessation After Diagnosis of Kidney Cancer Is Associated With Reduced Risk of Mortality and Cancer Progression: A Prospective Cohort Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaf504openalex-snapshot
Association Between Testosterone Replacement Therapy and Prostatic Disorders in Elderly Hypogonadal Men
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000004517openalex-snapshot
Association Between Perioperative Hypotension and Delirium in Postoperative Critically Ill Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000005544openalex-snapshot
Association of Delirium during Critical Illness With Mortality: Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1378/chest.12-1106openalex-snapshot
Survival After Shock Requiring High-Dose Vasopressor Therapy
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.14288/1.0167113openalex-snapshot
Causal inference approaches for dealing with time-dependent confounding in longitudinal studies, with applications to multiple sclerosis research
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1513/annalsats.201707-577ocopenalex-snapshot
Echocardiogram in the Evaluation of Hemodynamically Stable Acute Pulmonary Embolism: National Practices and Clinical Outcomes
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.17475openalex-snapshot
Meglitinides increase the risk of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients with advanced chronic kidney disease: a nationwide, population-based study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.19208openalex-snapshot
Blood transfusion and mortality in myocardial infarction: an updated meta-analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-381055/v1openalex-snapshot
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-90893/v1openalex-snapshot
Impact of Rhythm-control Therapy for New-onset Atrial Fibrillation in Critically ill Patients : A Post Hoc Analysis From the Prospective Observational AFTER-ICU study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2188/jea.je20250126openalex-snapshot
Evaluation of Time-related Bias With Non-user Control
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.26481/dis.20210304rhopenalex-snapshot
Utilisation and outcomes of treatment in Autism Spectrum Disorder
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3233/adr-220002openalex-snapshot
Metformin and Dementia Risk: A Systematic Review with Respect to Time Related Biases
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3233/jad-170951openalex-snapshot
Exposure to General Anesthesia and Risk of Dementia: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e10openalex-snapshot
Mortality of Deep Brain Stimulation and Risk Factors in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: A National Cohort Study in Korea
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1270608openalex-snapshot
Analysis of immortal-time effect in post-infarction ventricular septal defect
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1157706openalex-snapshot
The influence of immortal time bias in observational studies examining associations of antifibrotic therapy with survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A simulation study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.845613openalex-snapshot
Immortal Time Bias-Corrected Effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (C-EVID): A Prospective Cohort Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1064846openalex-snapshot
Unmet healthcare needs predict frailty onset in the middle-aged and older population in China: A prospective cohort analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13244866openalex-snapshot
Deep Contrastive Survival Analysis with Dual-View Clustering
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020241openalex-snapshot
Concurrent Use of Renal Replacement Therapy during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/life12101629openalex-snapshot
Microaxial Left Ventricular Assist Device in Cardiogenic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62081531openalex-snapshot
Prognostic Value of 72-h Reassessment Using SOFA Score, C-Reactive Protein, and Lactate in a 72-h Landmark Cohort of Intensive Care Patients with Gram-Negative Sepsis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050984openalex-snapshot
Early Corticosteroid Therapy May Increase Ventilator-Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103360openalex-snapshot
Incorporating Post-Cessation Weight-Control Coaching into Smoking Cessation Therapy to Reduce Type 2 Diabetes Risk
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00217openalex-snapshot
Icodextrin is Associated with a Lower Mortality Rate in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10071-25176openalex-snapshot
Efficacy of Noninvasive Ventilation Compared with Invasive Mechanical Ventilation in Cardiogenic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5056/jnm20221openalex-snapshot
Proton Pump Inhibitor Use Increases Pyogenic Liver Abscess Risk: A Nationwide Cohort Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.57264/cer-2024-0122openalex-snapshot
Real-world ePRO use and clinical outcomes using electronic patient-reported symptom monitoring for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer receiving first-line pembrolizumab
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2018.7111openalex-snapshot
A Population-Based Study of Morbidity After Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13467065openalex-snapshot
Additional file 1 of Corticosteroid therapy in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a multicenter, retrospective study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13467069openalex-snapshot
Additional file 2 of Corticosteroid therapy in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a multicenter, retrospective study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13566011openalex-snapshot
Additional file 1 of Incidence, prognostic factors, and outcomes of venous thromboembolism in critically ill patients: data from two prospective cohort studies
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14228524openalex-snapshot
Additional file 1 of Additive interaction of mid- to late-life depression and cerebrovascular disease on the risk of dementia: a nationwide population-based cohort study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14676763openalex-snapshot
Additional file 1 of Relationship between ventilator-associated pneumonia and mortality in COVID-19 patients: a planned ancillary analysis of the coVAPid cohort
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14782698openalex-snapshot
Additional file 1 of Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16714280openalex-snapshot
Additional file 1 of Analytical challenges in estimating the effect of exposures that are bounded by follow-up time: experiences from the Blood Stream Infection—Focus on Outcomes study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25045513openalex-snapshot
Additional file 1 of NHS Health Check attendance is associated with reduced multiorgan disease risk: a matched cohort study in the UK Biobank
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.70675/6bdfe2c4zae1ez483cz9244zd9ec581fb6a0openalex-snapshot
Impact d'un ratio transfusionnel élevé sur la survie des patients traumatisés sévères et pratique actuelle de réanimation hémostatique d'un système de traumatologie mature : une analyse du registre français Traumabase®
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.70675/93f21110ze1a3z403cz9b09z120ee15b474aopenalex-snapshot
Impact de l'infection par SARS-CoV-2 sur l'épidémiologie des infections respiratoires bactériennes et des aspergilloses pulmonaires invasives chez les patients de réanimation sous ventilation mécanique
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.7326/m21-0252openalex-snapshot
Postdiagnosis Smoking Cessation and Reduced Risk for Lung Cancer Progression and Mortality
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