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A hierarchy of linguistic predictions during natural language comprehension

https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.03.410399

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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24403openalex-snapshot

The temporal dynamics of structure and content in sentence comprehension: Evidence from fMRI‐constrained MEG

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596x(92)90039-zopenalex-snapshot

Event-related brain potentials elicited by syntactic anomaly

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2014.10.006openalex-snapshot

The ERP response to the amount of information conveyed by words in sentences

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.09.002openalex-snapshot

An ERP study of P600 effects elicited by semantic anomalies

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2007.05.006openalex-snapshot

Expectation-based syntactic comprehension

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.02.013openalex-snapshot

The effect of word predictability on reading time is logarithmic

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104335openalex-snapshot

Definitely saw it coming? The dual nature of the pre-nominal prediction effect

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2019.03.002openalex-snapshot

Language ERPs reflect learning through prediction error propagation

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.015openalex-snapshot

Temporal Predictive Codes for Spoken Words in Auditory Cortex

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.080openalex-snapshot

Electrophysiological Correlates of Semantic Dissimilarity Reflect the Comprehension of Natural, Narrative Speech

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.042openalex-snapshot

Rapid Transformation from Auditory to Linguistic Representations of Continuous Speech

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.067openalex-snapshot

Simple Acoustic Features Can Explain Phoneme-Based Predictions of Cortical Responses to Speech

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.09.015openalex-snapshot

Prediction during language comprehension: Benefits, costs, and ERP components

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024openalex-snapshot

Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.11.019openalex-snapshot

Do ‘early’ brain responses reveal word form prediction during language comprehension? A critical review

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.027openalex-snapshot

MNE software for processing MEG and EEG data

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.050openalex-snapshot

Language structure in the brain: A fixation-related fMRI study of syntactic surprisal in reading

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.037openalex-snapshot

Low-frequency cortical responses to natural speech reflect probabilistic phonotactics

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.083openalex-snapshot

Frequency-specific brain dynamics related to prediction during language comprehension

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.09.007openalex-snapshot

High-Level Prediction Signals in a Low-Level Area of the Macaque Face-Processing Hierarchy

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.003openalex-snapshot

Predictive Processing: A Canonical Cortical Computation

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2019.10.019openalex-snapshot

Two Distinct Neural Timescales for Predictive Speech Processing

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107199openalex-snapshot

Distinguishing integration and prediction accounts of ERP N400 modulations in language processing through experimental design

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107258openalex-snapshot

Do domain-general executive resources play a role in linguistic prediction? Re-evaluation of the evidence and a path forward

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107307openalex-snapshot

fMRI reveals language-specific predictive coding during naturalistic sentence comprehension

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107479openalex-snapshot

Localizing syntactic predictions using recurrent neural network grammars

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.061openalex-snapshot

Great Expectations: Is there Evidence for Predictive Coding in Auditory Cortex?

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01839-8openalex-snapshot

Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/307161a0openalex-snapshot

Brain potentials during reading reflect word expectancy and semantic association

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/4580openalex-snapshot

Predictive coding in the visual cortex: a functional interpretation of some extra-classical receptive-field effects

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17637openalex-snapshot

Natural speech reveals the semantic maps that tile human cerebral cortex

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13996-4openalex-snapshot

Word contexts enhance the neural representation of individual letters in early visual cortex

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0406-4openalex-snapshot

Modelling the N400 brain potential as change in a probabilistic representation of meaning

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1117807108openalex-snapshot

Evidence for a hierarchy of predictions and prediction errors in human cortex

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1205381109openalex-snapshot

Emergence of neural encoding of auditory objects while listening to competing speakers

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701590114openalex-snapshot

Neurophysiological dynamics of phrase-structure building during sentence processing

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907367117openalex-snapshot

Emergent linguistic structure in artificial neural networks trained by self-supervision

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910416117openalex-snapshot

Placing language in an integrated understanding system: Next steps toward human-level performance in neural language models

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/01690969308407585openalex-snapshot

The syntactic positive shift (sps) as an erp measure of syntactic processing

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2015.1072223openalex-snapshot

Is prediction necessary to understand language? Probably not

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2015.1102299openalex-snapshot

What do we mean by prediction in language comprehension?

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395518.003.0065openalex-snapshot

A Look around at What Lies Ahead: Prediction and Predictability in Language Processing

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp055openalex-snapshot

Where Is the Semantic System? A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of 120 Functional Neuroimaging Studies

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhv075openalex-snapshot

Prediction During Natural Language Comprehension

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz180openalex-snapshot

The Cortical Organization of Syntax

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1622openalex-snapshot

A theory of cortical responses

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0522openalex-snapshot

Dissociable effects of prediction and integration during language comprehension: evidence from a large-scale study using brain potentials

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.04.025684openalex-snapshot

Neural dynamics of phoneme sequences: Position-invariant code for content and order

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.26.174482openalex-snapshot

The neural architecture of language: Integrative modeling converges on predictive processing

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.03.186288openalex-snapshot

Language processing in brains and deep neural networks: computational convergence and its limits

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.02.403477openalex-snapshot

Thinking ahead: spontaneous prediction in context as a keystone of language in humans and machines

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.16.430904openalex-snapshot

Predictive coding is a consequence of energy efficiency in recurrent neural networks

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1101/327601openalex-snapshot

Incorporating Context into Language Encoding Models for fMRI

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2013.6638947openalex-snapshot

Speech recognition with deep recurrent neural networks

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00531.xopenalex-snapshot

Thinking ahead: The role and roots of prediction in language comprehension

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12317openalex-snapshot

Regression‐based estimation of ERP waveforms: I . The rERP framework

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/156869openalex-snapshot

FieldTrip: Open Source Software for Advanced Analysis of MEG, EEG, and Invasive Electrophysiological Data

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1162/089892901753165872openalex-snapshot

Electrophysiological Evidence for Early Contextual Influences during Spoken-Word Recognition: N200 Versus N400 Effects

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1993.5.1.34openalex-snapshot

The Processing Nature of the N400: Evidence from Masked Priming

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01467openalex-snapshot

Cortical Tracking of Surprisal during Continuous Speech Comprehension

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002577openalex-snapshot

Prediction Errors but Not Sharpened Signals Simulate Multivoxel fMRI Patterns during Speech Perception

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000209openalex-snapshot

A Hierarchy of Time-Scales and the Brain

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177794openalex-snapshot

Using stochastic language models (SLM) to map lexical, syntactic, and phonological information processing in the brain

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207741openalex-snapshot

Hierarchical structure guides rapid linguistic predictions during naturalistic listening

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0187-08.2008openalex-snapshot

Right-Hemisphere Auditory Cortex Is Dominant for Coding Syllable Patterns in Speech

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0584-19.2019openalex-snapshot

Semantic Context Enhances the Early Auditory Encoding of Natural Speech

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-1254openalex-snapshot

Finding syntax in human encephalography with beam search

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-0104openalex-snapshot

Phonological (un)certainty weights lexical activation

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3115/1073336.1073357openalex-snapshot

A probabilistic earley parser as a psycholinguistic model

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.32470/ccn.2019.1096-0openalex-snapshot

Tracking Naturalistic Linguistic Predictions with Deep Neural Language Models

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/4213.003.0004openalex-snapshot

Access and Integration: Projecting Sound onto Meaning

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.33468openalex-snapshot

Large-scale replication study reveals a limit on probabilistic prediction in language comprehension

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.42870openalex-snapshot

Neural dynamics at successive stages of the ventral visual stream are consistent with hierarchical error signals

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.43620openalex-snapshot

Multiple mechanisms link prestimulus neural oscillations to sensory responses

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.58077openalex-snapshot

Rapid computations of spectrotemporal prediction error support perception of degraded speech

What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s42113-025-00237-9openalex-snapshot

What’s Surprising About Surprisal

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The N400 in silico: A review of computational models

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104651openalex-snapshot

Finding event structure in time: What recurrent neural networks can tell us about event structure in mind

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105345openalex-snapshot

The channel capacity of multilevel linguistic features constrains speech comprehension

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2022.108607openalex-snapshot

Neural tracking as a diagnostic tool to assess the auditory pathway

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2021.104311openalex-snapshot

Context-based facilitation of semantic access follows both logarithmic and linear functions of stimulus probability

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2024.103694openalex-snapshot

A cognitive psychological model of linguistic intuitions: Polysemy and predicate order effects in copredication sentences

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A shared model-based linguistic space for transmitting our thoughts from brain to brain in natural conversations

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Semantic surprise predicts the N400 brain potential

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Chemical reservoir computation in a self-organizing reaction network

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-022-01026-4openalex-snapshot

Shared computational principles for language processing in humans and deep language models

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03036-1openalex-snapshot

Brains and algorithms partially converge in natural language processing

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-026-09865-8openalex-snapshot

Linguistic structure and language familiarity sharpen phoneme encoding in the brain

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2023.2166679openalex-snapshot

Multivariate analysis of brain activity patterns as a tool to understand predictive processes in speech perception

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhac356openalex-snapshot

Predictive coding across the left fronto-temporal hierarchy during language comprehension

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhac528openalex-snapshot

Cortical speech tracking is related to individual prediction tendencies

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhad145openalex-snapshot

Multimodal evidence for predictive coding in sentence oral reading

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848004.001.0001openalex-snapshot

Learning to Listen, Listening to Learn

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848004.002.0003openalex-snapshot

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848004.002.0005openalex-snapshot

Preface

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848004.003.0001openalex-snapshot

Introduction

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848004.003.0002openalex-snapshot

A Computational Model

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Predictive Processing of Melody

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Beyond Pitch Expectation: Rhythm and Harmony

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848004.003.0005openalex-snapshot

Emotional and Aesthetic Experience

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848004.003.0006openalex-snapshot

Beyond Expectation

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Musical Enculturation

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Musical Training and Expertise

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Future Perspectives

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Neural processing of children’s theory of mind in a naturalistic story-listening paradigm

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.03.186288openalex-snapshot

Language processing in brains and deep neural networks: computational convergence and its limits

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.02.403477openalex-snapshot

Thinking ahead: spontaneous prediction in context as a keystone of language in humans and machines

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.06.463362openalex-snapshot

Prediction and preview strongly affect reading times but not skipping during natural reading

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2022.04.01.486694openalex-snapshot

A deep hierarchy of predictions enables assignment of semantic roles in online speech comprehension

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Individual prediction tendencies facilitate cortical speech tracking

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Disentangling Hierarchical and Sequential Computations during Sentence Processing

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The Structure and Statistics of Language Jointly Shape Cross-frequency Neural Dynamics During Spoken Language Comprehension

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References

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Bayesian Surprise Predicts Human Event Segmentation in Story Listening

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Neurocomputational Models of Language Processing

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Predictive Coding or Just Feature Discovery? An Alternative Account of Why Language Models Fit Brain Data

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Lexical-Semantic Content, Not Syntactic Structure, Is the Main Contributor to ANN-Brain Similarity of fMRI Responses in the Language Network

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Tracking Lexical and Semantic Prediction Error Underlying the N400 Using Artificial Neural Network Models of Sentence Processing

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Deep Artificial Neural Networks Reveal a Distributed Cortical Network Encoding Propositional Sentence-Level Meaning

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Multiple Concurrent Predictions Inform Prediction Error in the Human Auditory Pathway

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Eye Movement Traces of Linguistic Knowledge

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Bayesian Surprise Predicts Human Event Segmentation in Story Listening

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Context-Based Facilitation of Semantic Access Follows Both Logarithmic and Linear Functions of Stimulus Probability

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Semantic Predictability Facilitates Comprehension of Degraded Speech in a Graded Manner

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Disentangling Syntax and Semantics in the Brain with Deep Networks

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Concurrent generative models inform prediction error in the human auditory pathway

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Frequency and frequency modulation share the same predictive encoding mechanisms in human auditory cortex

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Neural, acoustic and information dynamics (mutually) constrain speech perception

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Cortical activity during naturalistic music listening reflects short-range predictions based on long-term experience

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A tradeoff between acoustic and linguistic feature encoding in spoken language comprehension

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Finding structure during incremental speech comprehension

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