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Guess Again (and Again and Again): Measuring Password Strength by Simulating Password-Cracking Algorithms
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What this work says
Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.xopenalex-snapshot
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1951.tb01366.xopenalex-snapshot
Prediction and Entropy of Printed English
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/11961635_3openalex-snapshot
Password Exhaustion: Predicting the End of Password Usefulness
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3601-9_1openalex-snapshot
Making Passwords Secure and Usable
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-009-0084-3openalex-snapshot
A comprehensive simulation tool for the analysis of password policies
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s11416-007-0064-yopenalex-snapshot
Advances in password cracking
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4048(92)90207-8openalex-snapshot
OPUS: Preventing weak password choices
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4048(95)00003-qopenalex-snapshot
Improving system security via proactive password checking
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2004.07.001openalex-snapshot
Analysis of end user security behaviors
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2007.03.007openalex-snapshot
Improving password security and memorability to protect personal and organizational information
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.1999.11518226openalex-snapshot
Password Security: An Empirical Study
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/infcom.2010.5461951openalex-snapshot
Password Strength: An Empirical Analysis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2009.8openalex-snapshot
Password Cracking Using Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2011.35openalex-snapshot
Using Fingerprint Authentication to Reduce System Security: An Empirical Study
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/1102120.1102168openalex-snapshot
Fast dictionary attacks on passwords using time-space tradeoff
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/1143120.1143127openalex-snapshot
Password management strategies for online accounts
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/1143120.1143129openalex-snapshot
Human selection of mnemonic phrase-based passwords
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/1242572.1242661openalex-snapshot
A large-scale study of web password habits
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/1314403.1314405openalex-snapshot
Password policy simulation and analysis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/1357054.1357127openalex-snapshot
Crowdsourcing user studies with Mechanical Turk
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/1653662.1653722openalex-snapshot
Multiple password interference in text passwords and click-based graphical passwords
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753384openalex-snapshot
The true cost of unusable password policies
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753688openalex-snapshot
Are your participants gaming the system?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/1837110.1837113openalex-snapshot
Encountering stronger password requirements
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/1837110.1837124openalex-snapshot
Where do security policies come from?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/1866307.1866327openalex-snapshot
Testing metrics for password creation policies by attacking large sets of revealed passwords
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/1866307.1866328openalex-snapshot
The security of modern password expiration
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979277openalex-snapshot
Utility of human-computer interactions
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03195438openalex-snapshot
Improving computer security for authentication of users: Influence of proactive password restrictions
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.800-63v1.0.1openalex-snapshot
Electronic authentication guideline
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.800-63v1.0.2openalex-snapshot
Electronic authentication guideline
What points at this work
Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.
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Graphical Password Authentication Using Python for Aerial Devices/Drones
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The Benefits of Understanding Passwords
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GuidedPass: Helping Users to Create Strong and Memorable Passwords
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User Password Intelligence Enhancement by Dynamic Generation Based on Markov Model
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Protecting Your Smartphone from Theft Using Accelerometer
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PassGAN: A Deep Learning Approach for Password Guessing
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Performance of Password Guessing Enumerators Under Cracking Conditions
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On Practical Aspects of PCFG Password Cracking
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Perceptions of Risk, Benefits and Likelihood of Undertaking Password Management Behaviours: Four Components
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Password Guessing via Neural Language Modeling
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Web Runner 2049: Evaluating Third-Party Anti-bot Services
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A New Targeted Password Guessing Model
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D3CyT: Deceptive Camouflaging for Cyber Threat Detection and Deterrence
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Dictionary Based Brute Force Attack – Study Case of Montenegro and China
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The One-Eyed Leading the Blind: Understanding Differences Between IT Professionals and Non-IT Staff When Creating and Managing Passwords
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An Explainable Online Password Strength Estimator
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Password Strength Signaling: A Counter-Intuitive Defense Against Password Cracking
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Cost-Asymmetric Memory Hard Password Hashing
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The Revenge of Password Crackers: Automated Training of Password Cracking Tools
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Analysis of Country and Regional User Password Characteristics in Dictionary Attacks
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Containerized End-to-End Tunable Bias Based Password Strength Assessment Framework
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Statistics on Password Re-use and Adaptive Strength for Financial Accounts
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Authentication Schemes - Comparison and Effective Password Spaces
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OMEN: Faster Password Guessing Using an Ordered Markov Enumerator
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Comparing Password Ranking Algorithms on Real-World Password Datasets
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Pseudo-Passwords and Non-textual Approaches
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Improving Password Guessing Using Byte Pair Encoding
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Examination of a New Defense Mechanism: Honeywords
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Statistical Metrics for Individual Password Strength
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Password Reuse Behavior: How Massive Online Data Breaches Impacts Personal Data in Web
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Strong Password Checker Security and Privacy
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Password guessers under a microscope: an in-depth analysis to inform deployments
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Evaluating the strength of a multilingual passphrase policy
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Nudging personalized password policies by understanding users’ personality
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Must I, can I? I don’t understand your ambiguous password rules
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SPSR-FSPG: A Fast Simulative Password Set Generation Algorithm
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Password Strength Measurement without Password Disclosure
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Secured Prediction: Password Guessability Analysis Using Gradient Boosting Machines
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Automated Detection of Masquerade Attacks with AI and Decoy Documents
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Password Usage Behavior of Online Users
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SecPassGAN: Secure and Strong Password Generation Framework
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A probabilistic framework for improved password strength metrics
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On the Imminent Advent of Botnet Powered Cracking
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Analysis on Password Attack Model and Password Generation
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Security Challenges in Cloud Storages
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Password Replacement Patterns
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Modeling Password Guessability via Variational Auto-Encoder
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Picking vs. Guessing Secrets: A Game-Theoretic Analysis
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A Large-Scale Empirical Study of Internet Users' Privacy Leakage in China
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fuzzyPSM: A New Password Strength Meter Using Fuzzy Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars
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StopGuessing: Using Guessed Passwords to Thwart Online Guessing
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Implementation of image based authentication to ensure the security of mail server
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Passwords to absolutely avoid
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Reliability analysis for cryptographic key management
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Using personal information to aid in guessing passwords of Chinese webs
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Password Strength Checker Using Machine Learning
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Credentials Stuffing Attack Prevention Using Machine Learning
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Password Strength Analysis and its Classification by Applying Machine Learning Based Techniques
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An Empirical Analysis of Passwords
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Analysis & compromising the loopholes of existing mail servers by providing an intelligent security measures
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Robust Password Security: A Method in Preventing Guessing Attacks and Authenticating Users
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Adaptive Password Policies: A New Paradigm for Cyber Resilience in Modern Threat Landscape
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A visual dictionary attack on Picture Passwords
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Dynamic Memorable Password Generation Algorithm (DyMP-Gen)
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STUMP - STalling offline password attacks Using pre-hash ManiPulations
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“Do this! Do that!, and Nothing will Happen” Do Specifications Lead to Securely Stored Passwords?
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Evaluation of Password Replacement Schemes
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A survey of e-learning security
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E-learning protection of open access platforms
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Strong Password Generation Based On User Inputs
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Cyber maintenance policy optimization via adaptive learning
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/infocom.2016.7524583openalex-snapshot
A study of personal information in human-chosen passwords and its security implications
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/infocom.2017.8057067openalex-snapshot
Password correlation: Quantification, evaluation and application
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/infocom.2018.8486017openalex-snapshot
Email as a Master Key: Analyzing Account Recovery in the Wild
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/infosec.2015.7435522openalex-snapshot
Dictionary attack on Wordpress: Security and forensic analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/intellisys.2015.7361263openalex-snapshot
Analysis of brute force attack using TG — Dataset
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/iri.2013.6642543openalex-snapshot
Understanding environmental influences on performing password-based mobile authentication
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/iri49571.2020.00009openalex-snapshot
An Empirical Analysis on the Usability and Security of Passwords
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/isba.2017.7947711openalex-snapshot
Touch gesture-based authentication: A security analysis of Pattern Unlock
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/iscisc.2016.7736457openalex-snapshot
PapiaPass: Sentence-based passwords using dependency trees
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/isit.2019.8849291openalex-snapshot
Notice of Removal: Privacy Against Brute-Force Inference Attacks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/isit.2019.8849716openalex-snapshot
Universal Randomized Guessing With Application to Asynchronous Decentralized Brute–Force Attacks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/isit50566.2022.9834719openalex-snapshot
Universal Randomized Guessing Subject to Distortion
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/ispec53008.2021.9736018openalex-snapshot
Enhanced Authentication Mechanism using Virtual Middlebox for IoT Devices
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/issrew.2019.00082openalex-snapshot
Lost in Disclosure: On the Inference of Password Composition Policies
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/issrew51248.2020.00079openalex-snapshot
Evaluating the Accuracy of Password Strength Meters using Off-The-Shelf Guessing Attacks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/jcsse58229.2023.10202141openalex-snapshot
The Comparison of Password Composition Policies Among US, German, and Thailand Samples
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/mipro.2014.6859779openalex-snapshot
Password security — No change in 35 years?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/mipro.2014.6859789openalex-snapshot
Development of Users' Information Security Awareness Questionnaire (UISAQ) — Ongoing work
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/mipro.2015.7160485openalex-snapshot
Empirical study on ICT system's users' risky behavior and security awareness
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2014.109openalex-snapshot
Better Together: Usability and Security Go Hand in Hand
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/ngct.2015.7375151openalex-snapshot
Cyber security password policy for industrial control networks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/noms.2014.6838325openalex-snapshot
A case study for a secure and robust geo-fencing and access control framework
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/nsyss.2017.7885811openalex-snapshot
Salty Secret: Let us secretly salt the secret
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/prisms.2014.6970600openalex-snapshot
Do you think your passwords are secure?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/pst.2018.8514194openalex-snapshot
Exploring the Impact of Password Dataset Distribution on Guessing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/pst47121.2019.8949024openalex-snapshot
On the null relationship between personality types and passwords
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/sai.2015.7237241openalex-snapshot
Protecting data in personal cloud storage with security classifications
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/smart50582.2020.9337127openalex-snapshot
Smart Cities: A New Age of Digital Insecurity
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2012.49openalex-snapshot
The Science of Guessing: Analyzing an Anonymized Corpus of 70 Million Passwords
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2014.50openalex-snapshot
A Study of Probabilistic Password Models
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2015.36openalex-snapshot
Cracking-Resistant Password Vaults Using Natural Language Encoders
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2018.00009openalex-snapshot
On the Economics of Offline Password Cracking
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2019.00070openalex-snapshot
Reasoning Analytically about Password-Cracking Software
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/sp40000.2020.00100openalex-snapshot
This PIN Can Be Easily Guessed: Analyzing the Security of Smartphone Unlock PINs
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179365openalex-snapshot
Confident Monte Carlo: Rigorous Analysis of Guessing Curves for Probabilistic Password Models
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/sp54263.2024.00032openalex-snapshot
Universal Neural-Cracking-Machines: Self-Configurable Password Models from Auxiliary Data
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/sp61157.2025.00040openalex-snapshot
RankGuess: Password Guessing Using Adversarial Ranking
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/sp63933.2026.00179openalex-snapshot
Can Foundation LLMs Accurately Estimate Password Strength and Provide Appropriate Password Feedback?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/spw59333.2023.00006openalex-snapshot
Evaluating Password Composition Policy and Password Meters of Popular Websites
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2015.2406707openalex-snapshot
Achieving Flatness: Selecting the Honeywords from Existing User Passwords
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2015.2481884openalex-snapshot
Zero-Sum Password Cracking Game: A Large-Scale Empirical Study on the Crackability, Correlation, and Security of Passwords
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2020.2975789openalex-snapshot
Understanding Account Recovery in the Wild and its Security Implications
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2020.2987025openalex-snapshot
DeepMnemonic: Password Mnemonic Generation via Deep Attentive Encoder-Decoder Model
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2015.2422259openalex-snapshot
Cracking More Password Hashes With Patterns
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2015.2428671openalex-snapshot
Next Gen PCFG Password Cracking
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2015.2490620openalex-snapshot
Regional Patterns and Vulnerability Analysis of Chinese Web Passwords
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2016.2636092openalex-snapshot
A New Multimodal Approach for Password Strength Estimation—Part I: Theory and Algorithms
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2017.2705627openalex-snapshot
Personal Information in Passwords and Its Security Implications
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2017.2737971openalex-snapshot
DPPG: A Dynamic Password Policy Generation System
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2020.3003696openalex-snapshot
TransPCFG : Transferring the Grammars From Short Passwords to Guess Long Passwords Effectively
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3050066openalex-snapshot
Leet Usage and Its Effect on Password Security
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3107147openalex-snapshot
RLS-PSM: A Robust and Accurate Password Strength Meter Based on Reuse, Leet and Separation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2022.3194073openalex-snapshot
Universal Randomized Guessing Subject to Distortion
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3595671openalex-snapshot
Disentangled Dynamic Intrusion Detection
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/trustcom/bigdatase.2018.00071openalex-snapshot
On Designing a Questionnaire Based Honeyword Generation Approach for Achieving Flatness
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/2435349.2435395openalex-snapshot
Effect of grammar on security of long passwords
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/2435349.2435397openalex-snapshot
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