On the public citation graph
Single‐Stage Prediction Models Do Not Explain the Magnitude of Syntactic Disambiguation Difficulty
0 signed · 139 inferred · view as graph
Inferred edges come from two machine sources: sweeps of open repository metadata (mostly SSRN and Zenodo), and a bulk OpenAlex citation snapshot. Every row below is labelled with the one it came from. Neither is a complete citation index — absence here is not evidence of absence.
Is this your work? Sign in with ORCID and put your name on the
claims that are yours.
Reference health. See whether every reference in this work resolves to a
known work and none has been retracted — and get a dated CiteStamped
badge you can embed.
What this work says
Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1006/csla.2001.0174openalex-snapshot
A bit of progress in language modeling
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1997.2512openalex-snapshot
The Contributions of Verb Bias and Plausibility to the Comprehension of Temporarily Ambiguous Sentences
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1998.2606openalex-snapshot
Structural Change and Reanalysis Difficulty in Language Comprehension
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-02165-7openalex-snapshot
Neural Network Methods for Natural Language Processing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9070-9_1openalex-snapshot
Prosodic Influences on Reading Syntactically Ambiguous Sentences
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00114844openalex-snapshot
Distributed representations, simple recurrent networks, and grammatical structure
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(78)90002-1openalex-snapshot
The sausage machine: A new two-stage parsing model
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(82)90008-1openalex-snapshot
Making and correcting errors during sentence comprehension: Eye movements in the analysis of structurally ambiguous sentences
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(92)90003-kopenalex-snapshot
Working memory constraints on the processing of syntactic ambiguity
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2496(83)90030-5openalex-snapshot
Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-008044980-7/50017-3openalex-snapshot
Eye movements in reading words and sentences
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2014.10.006openalex-snapshot
The ERP response to the amount of information conveyed by words in sentences
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2007.05.006openalex-snapshot
Expectation-based syntactic comprehension
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2008.07.008openalex-snapshot
Data from eye-tracking corpora as evidence for theories of syntactic processing complexity
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.02.013openalex-snapshot
The effect of word predictability on reading time is logarithmic
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.09.015openalex-snapshot
Prediction during language comprehension: Benefits, costs, and ERP components
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.02.005openalex-snapshot
Expectation and locality effects in German verb-final structures
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2018.07.004openalex-snapshot
The statistical significance filter leads to overoptimistic expectations of replicability
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107198openalex-snapshot
Evaluating information-theoretic measures of word prediction in naturalistic sentence reading
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5371(81)90220-6openalex-snapshot
Contextual effects on word perception and eye movements during reading
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022492123056openalex-snapshot
The Information Conveyed by Words in Sentences
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022496223965openalex-snapshot
Against Repair-Based Reanalysis in Sentence Comprehension
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-3445.111.2.228openalex-snapshot
Paradigms and processes in reading comprehension.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.20.4.786openalex-snapshot
Brain potentials elicited by garden-path sentences: Evidence of the application of verb information during parsing.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000236openalex-snapshot
The role of verb repetition in cumulative structural priming in comprehension.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1216438110openalex-snapshot
Rational integration of noisy evidence and prior semantic expectations in sentence interpretation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/016909696387123openalex-snapshot
Monotonic Syntactic Processing: A Cross-linguistic Study of Attachment and Reanalysis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12274openalex-snapshot
Uncertainty and Expectation in Sentence Processing: Evidence From Subcategorization Distributions
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12597openalex-snapshot
Lexical Predictability During Natural Reading: Effects of Surprisal and Entropy Reduction
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12814openalex-snapshot
Lossy‐Context Surprisal: An Information‐Theoretic Model of Memory Effects in Sentence Processing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01033.xopenalex-snapshot
A Probabilistic Model of Semantic Plausibility in Sentence Processing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12025openalex-snapshot
Uncertainty Reduction as a Measure of Cognitive Load in Sentence Comprehension
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00160openalex-snapshot
Incremental, Predictive Parsing with Psycholinguistically Motivated Tree-Adjoining Grammar
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00115openalex-snapshot
Assessing the Ability of LSTMs to Learn Syntax-Sensitive Dependencies
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/107769905303000401openalex-snapshot
“Cloze Procedure”: A New Tool for Measuring Readability
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0000_25openalex-snapshot
An Activation‐Based Model of Sentence Processing as Skilled Memory Retrieval
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0000_64openalex-snapshot
Uncertainty About the Rest of the Sentence
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2002_1openalex-snapshot
A Probabilistic Model of Lexical and Syntactic Access and Disambiguation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057410openalex-snapshot
Evaluating Amazon's Mechanical Turk as a Tool for Experimental Behavioral Research
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077661openalex-snapshot
Rapid Expectation Adaptation during Syntactic Comprehension
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116946openalex-snapshot
Collecting Psycholinguistic Response Time Data Using Amazon Mechanical Turk
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.158openalex-snapshot
A Systematic Assessment of Syntactic Generalization in Neural Language Models
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.479openalex-snapshot
Harnessing the linguistic signal to predict scalar inferences
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.cmcl-1.2openalex-snapshot
Human Sentence Processing: Recurrence or Attention?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1288openalex-snapshot
Deconvolutional Time Series Regression: A Technique for Modeling Temporally Diffuse Effects
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/k17-1003openalex-snapshot
Exploring the Syntactic Abilities of RNNs with Multi-task Learning
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n16-1024openalex-snapshot
Recurrent Neural Network Grammars
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-1108openalex-snapshot
Colorless Green Recurrent Networks Dream Hierarchically
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n19-1004openalex-snapshot
Neural language models as psycholinguistic subjects: Representations of syntactic state
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n19-1334openalex-snapshot
Structural Supervision Improves Learning of Non-Local Grammatical Dependencies
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-0102openalex-snapshot
Predictive power of word surprisal for reading times is a linear function of language model quality
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-5423openalex-snapshot
What do RNN Language Models Learn about Filler–Gap Dependencies?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2010-343openalex-snapshot
Recurrent neural network based language model
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/412449openalex-snapshot
Cognition and the development of language. Ed. by John R. Hayes. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1970. Pp. x, 370. $12.00.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/414532openalex-snapshot
Garden Path Phenomena and the Grammatical Basis of Language Processing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3115/1073336.1073357openalex-snapshot
A probabilistic earley parser as a psycholinguistic model
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3115/1613715.1613749openalex-snapshot
A noisy-channel model of rational human sentence comprehension under uncertain input
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3115/1699510.1699553openalex-snapshot
Deriving lexical and syntactic expectation-based measures for psycholinguistic modeling via incremental top-down parsing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mks5yopenalex-snapshot
The interaction between structure and meaning in sentence comprehension: Recurrent neural networks and reading times
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03214555openalex-snapshot
Effects of contextual constraint on eye movements in reading: A further examination
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429505379openalex-snapshot
New Methods in Reading Comprehension Research
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429505379-4openalex-snapshot
An Evaluation of Subject-Paced Reading Tasks and Other Methods for Investigating Immediate Processes in Reading 1
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315782416-138openalex-snapshot
Bayesian Models of Human Sentence Processing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1602.02410openalex-snapshot
Exploring the Limits of Language Modeling
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2005.03692openalex-snapshot
A Systematic Assessment of Syntactic Generalization in Neural Language Models
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.cmp-lg/9411029openalex-snapshot
An Efficient Probabilistic Context-Free Parsing Algorithm that Computes Prefix Probabilities
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5555/1870065.1870075openalex-snapshot
Uncertainty reduction as a measure of cognitive processing effort
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3654.003.0008openalex-snapshot
The Dependency Locality Theory: A Distance-Based Theory of Linguistic Complexity
What points at this work
Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4717637openalex-extracted
Surprisal is Not Enough: Additive Effects of Grammaticality and Lexical Surprisal in Self-Paced Reading
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s42113-025-00237-9openalex-snapshot
What’s Surprising About Surprisal
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105359openalex-snapshot
Heuristic interpretation as rational inference: A computational model of the N400 and P600 in language processing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105766openalex-snapshot
Category Locality Theory: A unified account of locality effects in sentence comprehension
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2026.106476openalex-snapshot
More than words: Effects of grammaticality and lexical surprisal in self-paced reading
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2023.104494openalex-snapshot
How reliable are standard reading time analyses? Hierarchical bootstrap reveals substantial power over-optimism and scale-dependent Type I error inflation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2024.104510openalex-snapshot
Large-scale benchmark yields no evidence that language model surprisal explains syntactic disambiguation difficulty
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2024.104603openalex-snapshot
Informativity enhances memory robustness against interference in sentence comprehension
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2025.104650openalex-snapshot
Bigger is not always better: The importance of human-scale language modeling for psycholinguistics
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2025.104670openalex-snapshot
Memory for prediction: A Transformer-based theory of sentence processing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2025.104677openalex-snapshot
Language models that match reader experience are better predictors of reading times
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2025.104706openalex-snapshot
Strategic resource allocation in memory encoding: An efficiency principle shaping language processing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2025.104713openalex-snapshot
Structural priming in humans and large language models
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2025.104715openalex-snapshot
Incremental alternative sampling as a lens into the temporal and representational resolution of linguistic prediction
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2026.104748openalex-snapshot
Context ameliorates but does not eliminate garden-pathing: Novel insights from latent-process modeling
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2024.01.011openalex-snapshot
Dissociating language and thought in large language models
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/s0097850725000013openalex-snapshot
Toward an information-theoretic model of morphological fusion based on an efficient tradeoff of memory and surprisal
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001538openalex-snapshot
The lingering effect as memory persistence has distinct predictors from the garden-path effect.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53128-1openalex-snapshot
The structure and statistics of language jointly shape cross-frequency neural dynamics during spoken language comprehension
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57426-yopenalex-snapshot
Language prediction in monolingual and bilingual speakers: an EEG study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-66576-yopenalex-snapshot
Clinical efficacy of pre-trained large language models through the lens of aphasia
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2307876121openalex-snapshot
Large-scale evidence for logarithmic effects of word predictability on reading time
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2532230123openalex-snapshot
Eye movements reveal a dissociation between prediction and structural processing difficulty in language comprehension
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2026.2613909openalex-snapshot
The gap between humans and language models: Analyzing adjective performance
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2023.0013openalex-snapshot
Causality and signalling of garden-path sentences
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2023.10.06.561087openalex-snapshot
The Structure and Statistics of Language Jointly Shape Cross-frequency Neural Dynamics During Spoken Language Comprehension
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13019openalex-snapshot
Modeling Misretrieval and Feature Substitution in Agreement Attraction: A Computational Evaluation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13186openalex-snapshot
Estimating the True Cost of Garden Pathing: A Computational Model of Latent Cognitive Processes
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13501openalex-snapshot
Grammar and Expectation in Active Dependency Resolution: Experimental and Modeling Evidence from Norwegian
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.70092openalex-snapshot
Computational Sentence‐Level Metrics of Reading Speed and Its Ramifications for Sentence Comprehension
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3805479openalex-snapshot
Expecting the unexpected: Eye-tracking surprisal and entropy in L1 and L2
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011724-121517openalex-snapshot
Predictability in Language Comprehension: Prospects and Problems for Surprisal
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-120623-101142openalex-snapshot
Language in Brains, Minds, and Machines
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00529openalex-snapshot
From Form(s) to Meaning: Probing the Semantic Depths of Language Models Using Multisense Consistency
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1162/nol_a_00121openalex-snapshot
Surprisal From Language Models Can Predict ERPs in Processing Predicate-Argument Structures Only if Enriched by an Agent Preference Principle
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1162/opmi.a.365openalex-snapshot
Do Language Models Know Who Did What to Whom?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1162/opmi.a.373openalex-snapshot
Large Language Models as Distributional Baselines for Language Tasks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1162/opmi.a.374openalex-snapshot
Agreement Errors Disrupt Eye Movements in Reading Only When They Are Detected
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00086openalex-snapshot
The Plausibility of Sampling as an Algorithmic Theory of Sentence Processing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00119openalex-snapshot
Word Frequency and Predictability Dissociate in Naturalistic Reading
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1162/tacl.a.58openalex-snapshot
Large Language Models Are Human-Like Internally
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00548openalex-snapshot
Why Does Surprisal From Larger Transformer-Based Language Models Provide a Poorer Fit to Human Reading Times?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267813openalex-snapshot
Does entropy modulate the prediction of German long-distance verb particles?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.blackboxnlp-1.4openalex-snapshot
The Language Model Understood the Prompt was Ambiguous: Probing Syntactic Uncertainty Through Generation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.acl-short.3openalex-snapshot
Analyzing Wrap-Up Effects through an Information-Theoretic Lens
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.blackboxnlp-1.25openalex-snapshot
Garden Path Traversal in GPT-2
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.conll-1.11openalex-snapshot
Incremental Processing of Principle B: Mismatches Between Neural Models and Humans
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.conll-1.20openalex-snapshot
Syntactic Surprisal From Neural Models Predicts, But Underestimates, Human Processing Difficulty From Syntactic Ambiguities
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.632openalex-snapshot
Entropy- and Distance-Based Predictors From GPT-2 Attention Patterns Predict Reading Times Over and Above GPT-2 Surprisal
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.acl-short.14openalex-snapshot
Scaling in Cognitive Modelling: a Multilingual Approach to Human Reading Times
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.conll-1.1openalex-snapshot
Can Language Models Be Tricked by Language Illusions? Easier with Syntax, Harder with Semantics
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.conll-babylm.9openalex-snapshot
Can training neural language models on a curriculum with developmentally plausible data improve alignment with human reading behavior?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.744openalex-snapshot
When Language Models Fall in Love: Animacy Processing in Transformer Language Models
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.findings-emnlp.27openalex-snapshot
Plausibility Processing in Transformer Language Models: Focusing on the Role of Attention Heads in GPT
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.findings-emnlp.582openalex-snapshot
A Language Model with Limited Memory Capacity Captures Interference in Human Sentence Processing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/7fb5topenalex-snapshot
Does entropy modulate the prediction of German long-distance verb particles?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/amcnq_v1openalex-snapshot
Context ameliorates but does not eliminate garden-pathing: Novel insights from latent-process modeling
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/4hynaopenalex-snapshot
Large-Scale Evidence for Logarithmic Effects of Word Predictability on Reading Time
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/a9wt3openalex-snapshot
Communicative efficiency in multimodal language
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/njr3zopenalex-snapshot
The Learnability of the Wh-Island Constraint in Dutch by a Long Short-Term Memory Network
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/z38u6openalex-snapshot
Surprisal does not explain syntactic disambiguation difficulty: evidence from a large-scale benchmark
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2022.657725openalex-snapshot
Information Theory as a Bridge Between Language Function and Language Form
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani14121774openalex-snapshot
MCP: Multi-Chicken Pose Estimation Based on Transfer Learning
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/languages11060126openalex-snapshot
Semantic Processing and Individual Variation: Experimental and Modeling Evidence from Quantifier Scope
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02261-8openalex-snapshot
Cloze probability, predictability ratings, and computational estimates for 205 English sentences, aligned with existing EEG and reading time data
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5070/g6011182openalex-snapshot
Conscious rereading is confirmatory: Evidence from bidirectional self-paced reading
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5070/g6011190openalex-snapshot
A-maze of Natural Stories: Comprehension and surprisal in the Maze task
Editorial review for independent work. ICSAC — the Institute for Complexity
Science and Advanced Computing — runs a structured editorial panel for researchers
publishing outside journals, and publishes on CiteStamp rails. Submission is free
and goes through ORCID: icsacinstitute.org/submit.