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Fines, Fees, Forfeitures, and Disparities: A Link Between Municipal Reliance on Fines and Racial Disparities in Policing
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What this work says
Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.11.013openalex-snapshot
Driving across campus: Assessing the impact of drivers' race and gender on police traffic enforcement actions
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2009.09.005openalex-snapshot
Race, driving, and police organization: Modeling moving and nonmoving traffic stops with citizen self-reports of driving practices
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.03.009openalex-snapshot
Finders keepers: Forfeiture laws, policing incentives, and local budgets
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2352(01)00082-4openalex-snapshot
Addicted to the drug war
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1017/rep.2020.10openalex-snapshot
Fiscal Pressures and Discriminatory Policing: Evidence from Traffic Stops in Missouri
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055410000456openalex-snapshot
Political Consequences of the Carceral State
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055418000862openalex-snapshot
Family Matters? Voting Behavior in Households with Criminal Justice Contact
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0858-1openalex-snapshot
A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the United States
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820400095741openalex-snapshot
Examining the influence of drivers' characteristics during traffic stops with police: Results from a national survey
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2020.1724160openalex-snapshot
The use and effectiveness of investigative police stops
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2020.1748064openalex-snapshot
Intersectional stereotyping in policing: an analysis of traffic stop outcomes
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1086/318603openalex-snapshot
Racial Bias in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1086/589702openalex-snapshot
Red Ink in the Rearview Mirror: Local Fiscal Conditions and the Issuance of Traffic Tickets
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1086/659260openalex-snapshot
More Tickets, Fewer Accidents: How Cash-Strapped Towns Make for Safer Roads
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1086/677255openalex-snapshot
Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1086/691354openalex-snapshot
Who Pays for Government? Descriptive Representation and Exploitative Revenue Sources
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1086/694393openalex-snapshot
Modern Police Tactics, Police-Citizen Interactions, and the Prospects for Reform
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1086/700589openalex-snapshot
To Serve and Collect: The Fiscal and Racial Determinants of Law Enforcement
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12341openalex-snapshot
Civil Asset Forfeiture Laws and Equitable Sharing Activity by the Police
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2012.00285.xopenalex-snapshot
POLICING RACE: THE RACIAL STRATIFICATION OF SEARCHES IN POLICE TRAFFIC STOPS*
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12078openalex-snapshot
Minority Representation and Order Maintenance Policing: Toward a Contingent View
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0094306111419111openalex-snapshot
The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986207306870openalex-snapshot
Black Criminal Stereotypes and Racial Profiling
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087418791775openalex-snapshot
Exploitative Revenues, Law Enforcement, and the Quality of Government Service
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611101004001001openalex-snapshot
Racial Profiling? A Multivariate Analysis of Police Traffic Stop Data
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611103260695openalex-snapshot
The Influence Of Driver’S Race on Traffic Stops in Missouri
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611111404178openalex-snapshot
Searching for Contraband: Assessing the Use of Discretion by Police Officers
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1198/016214506000001040openalex-snapshot
An Analysis of the New York City Police Department's “Stop-and-Frisk” Policy in the Context of Claims of Racial Bias
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1214/17-aoas1058openalex-snapshot
The problem of infra-marginality in outcome tests for discrimination
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.1.509openalex-snapshot
Political Economy at Any Speed: What Determines Traffic Citations?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/2669264openalex-snapshot
Prime Suspects: The Influence of Local Television News on the Viewing Public
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.193325openalex-snapshot
The Ferguson report: Department of Justice investigation of the Ferguson Police Department
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226137971.001.0001openalex-snapshot
Arresting Citizenship
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8015.001.0001openalex-snapshot
Race, Incarceration, and American Values
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.7916/d8jw8dzhopenalex-snapshot
Following the Script: Narratives of Suspicion in Terry Stops in Street Policing
What points at this work
Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.
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Evaluating the Impact of Surveillance Cameras on Traffic Compliance: An Evolutionary Game Theoretic Approach
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4760832openalex-extracted
Evaluating the Impact of Surveillance Cameras on Traffic Compliance: An Evolutionary Game Theoretic Approach
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2026.102662openalex-snapshot
Regulatory bias under fiscal stress: Evidence from non-local firms in maritime transport enforcement
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.105229openalex-snapshot
Neighborhood inequality in government fines: The case of parking tickets in 16 U.S. cities
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x25000017openalex-snapshot
Redirecting revenues from law enforcement fines, forfeitures, and related fees to fund local nonprofits: a policy design proposal
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2022.2160338openalex-snapshot
They make money off chaos: Understanding racially extractive policing regimes through a subjugated lens
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2023.2239956openalex-snapshot
Examining the spatial distribution of parking tickets in San Francisco neighborhoods: An overlooked form of urban inequality?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muab029openalex-snapshot
Comparing Systemic and Individual Sources of Racially Disparate Traffic Stop Outcomes
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjab022openalex-snapshot
Federalism, Defunding the Police, and Democratic Values: A Functional Accountability Framework for Analyzing Police Reform Proposals
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12928openalex-snapshot
Unravelling the “Thin Blue Line”: Policing as an Engine of Inequality
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/padm.70083openalex-snapshot
From Social Equity Budgeting to Revenue Equity: Minority Leadership and Local Governments' Exploitative Revenues
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12449openalex-snapshot
Editorial Introduction: Dealing with changes one way or another
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12479openalex-snapshot
How police agency diversity, policies, and outcomes shape citizen trust and willingness to engage
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12521openalex-snapshot
Editorial introduction: Exploring policy theories, narratives, and policing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12541openalex-snapshot
The particular and diffuse effects of negative interactions on participation: Evidence from responses to police killings
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13595openalex-snapshot
Does revenue‐motivated policing alter who receives traffic citations? Evidence from driver race and income in Indiana
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12930openalex-snapshot
Institutional interactions and racial inequality in policing: How everyday encounters bridge individuals, organizations, and institutions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120621-034917openalex-snapshot
Struggling for Economic Security: Wealth, Race, and Child Development
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-033123-124752openalex-snapshot
The Study of Racism and Policing in the United States
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221124456openalex-snapshot
Regressive revenue sourcing by local governments
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/07340168261474485openalex-snapshot
Following the Money? Transparency in Criminal Legal System Fees Revenues and Expenditures
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/09567976211056641openalex-snapshot
Explaining the Spatial Patterning of Racial Disparities in Traffic Stops Requires a Structural Perspective: Further Reflections on Stelter et al. (2022) and Ekstrom et al. (2022)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/10659129241266824openalex-snapshot
The Heat is On: Does Civil Litigation Affect Policing Practices?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/10780874221113216openalex-snapshot
Context Matters: The Conditional Effect of Black Police Chiefs on Policing Outcomes
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2022.34.2-3.155openalex-snapshot
Nordic Design: Embracing Inspiration for Reforming Criminal Fines
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