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An Experimental Investigation of Text-based CAPTCHA Attacks and Their Robustness
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What this work says
Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-39200-9_18openalex-snapshot
CAPTCHA: Using Hard AI Problems for Security
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45869-7_54openalex-snapshot
Human Interactive Proofs and Document Image Analysis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30144-8_23openalex-snapshot
Image Recognition CAPTCHAs
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21424-0_5openalex-snapshot
Breaking reCAPTCHA: A Holistic Approach via Shape Recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8228-3_33openalex-snapshot
Audio CAPTCHA Techniques: A Review
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-021-02061-1openalex-snapshot
TICS: text–image-based semantic CAPTCHA synthesis via multi-condition adversarial learning
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-020-00730-xopenalex-snapshot
Evaluating the accessibility and usability of a universal CAPTCHA based on gestures for smartphones
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-018-1342-8openalex-snapshot
A machine learning attack against variable-length Chinese character CAPTCHAs
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-1098(75)90044-8openalex-snapshot
A gaussian sum approach to the multi-target identification-tracking problem
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2018.12.006openalex-snapshot
Design and evaluation of 3D CAPTCHAs
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2019.101635openalex-snapshot
Is image-based CAPTCHA secure against attacks based on machine learning? An experimental study
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2020.101947openalex-snapshot
SoK: Machine vs. machine – A systematic classification of automated machine learning-based CAPTCHA solvers
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2021.07.040openalex-snapshot
Make complex CAPTCHAs simple: A fast text captcha solver based on a small number of samples
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2019.08.109openalex-snapshot
A survey of CAPTCHA technologies to distinguish between human and computer
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2020.11.057openalex-snapshot
End-to-end attack on text-based CAPTCHAs based on cycle-consistent generative adversarial network
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2014.09.006openalex-snapshot
Breaking text-based CAPTCHAs with variable word and character orientation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0019-9958(70)90081-1openalex-snapshot
A generalized k-nearest neighbor rule
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3203(99)00055-2openalex-snapshot
Adaptive document image binarization
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1206-1565openalex-snapshot
What is a support vector machine?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1049/ise2.12047openalex-snapshot
A deep learning‐based attack on text CAPTCHAs by using object detection techniques
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/02564602.2018.1520152openalex-snapshot
An Attack on Hollow CAPTCHA Using Accurate Filling and Nonredundant Merging
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/5.726791openalex-snapshot
Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2899044openalex-snapshot
Selective Learning Confusion Class for Text-Based CAPTCHA Recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2982945openalex-snapshot
Simple and Easy: Transfer Learning-Based Attacks to Text CAPTCHA
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/bdacs53596.2021.00067openalex-snapshot
The Text Captcha Solver: A Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network-Based Approach
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10021100openalex-snapshot
Robust Text CAPTCHAs Using Adversarial Examples
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2003.1211347openalex-snapshot
Recognizing objects in adversarial clutter: breaking a visual CAPTCHA
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2016.308openalex-snapshot
Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Vision
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2016.90openalex-snapshot
Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/cyberc.2018.00013openalex-snapshot
Effect of Adversarial Examples on the Robustness of CAPTCHA
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/das.2014.31openalex-snapshot
The Robustness of a New 3D CAPTCHA
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2018.8461764openalex-snapshot
A Captcha Design Based on Visual Reasoning
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2017.244openalex-snapshot
Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation Using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/icdar.1995.602080openalex-snapshot
Segmentation of numeric strings
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2017.143openalex-snapshot
Attention-Based Extraction of Structured Information from Street View Imagery
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2017.7966298openalex-snapshot
Using synthetic data to train neural networks is model-based reasoning
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/itcs.2009.116openalex-snapshot
License Plate Characters Segmentation Using Projection and Template Matching
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/mce.2019.2936631openalex-snapshot
ImCAPTCHA: Imperceptible CAPTCHA Based on Cursor Trajectories
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/reepe53907.2022.9731423openalex-snapshot
Text CAPTCHA Traversal with ConvNets: Impact of Color Channels
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2017.2682704openalex-snapshot
Research on the Security of Microsoft’s Two-Layer Captcha
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2018.2821096openalex-snapshot
Research on Deep Learning Techniques in Breaking Text-Based Captchas and Designing Image-Based Captcha
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2019.2928622openalex-snapshot
An End-to-End Attack on Text CAPTCHAs
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2020.3013376openalex-snapshot
Robust CAPTCHAs Towards Malicious OCR
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2018.2886017openalex-snapshot
Adversarial Examples: Attacks and Defenses for Deep Learning
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1987.4767941openalex-snapshot
Image Analysis Using Mathematical Morphology
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2016.2646371openalex-snapshot
An End-to-End Trainable Neural Network for Image-Based Sequence Recognition and Its Application to Scene Text Recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/trustcom/bigdatase.2019.00020openalex-snapshot
A Survey of Research on CAPTCHA Designing and Breaking Techniques
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2612openalex-snapshot
A generative vision model that trains with high data efficiency and breaks text-based CAPTCHAs
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/1143844.1143891openalex-snapshot
Connectionist temporal classification
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/1455770.1455839openalex-snapshot
A low-cost attack on a Microsoft captcha
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/2508859.2516732openalex-snapshot
The robustness of hollow CAPTCHAs
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/2590296.2590298openalex-snapshot
A three-way investigation of a game-CAPTCHA
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/2991079.2991083openalex-snapshot
A security analysis of automated chinese turing tests
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3065386openalex-snapshot
ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/321119.321123openalex-snapshot
Operations Useful for Similarity-Invariant Pattern Recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3243734.3243754openalex-snapshot
Yet Another Text Captcha Solver
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3366423.3380166openalex-snapshot
A Generic Solver Combining Unsupervised Learning and Representation Learning for Breaking Text-Based Captchas
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3372297.3417258openalex-snapshot
Text Captcha Is Dead? A Large Scale Deployment and Empirical Study
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3378446openalex-snapshot
Using Generative Adversarial Networks to Break and Protect Text Captchas
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3477142openalex-snapshot
Gotta CAPTCHA ’Em All: A Survey of 20 Years of the Human-or-computer Dilemma
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3505226openalex-snapshot
Counteracting Dark Web Text-Based CAPTCHA with Generative Adversarial Learning for Proactive Cyber Threat Intelligence
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/966389.966390openalex-snapshot
Telling humans and computers apart automatically
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6898617openalex-snapshot
A Survey on Breaking Technique of Text-Based CAPTCHA
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.14722/ndss.2016.23154openalex-snapshot
A Simple Generic Attack on Text Captchas
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2017edl8175openalex-snapshot
CAPTCHA Image Generation Systems Using Generative Adversarial Networks
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i07.6903openalex-snapshot
Decoupled Attention Network for Text Recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3633354openalex-snapshot
Deep-CAPTCHA: A Deep Learning Based CAPTCHA Solver for Vulnerability Assessment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2197/ipsjjip.23.814openalex-snapshot
HMM-based Attacks on Google's ReCAPTCHA with Continuous Visual and Audio Symbols
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3966/160792642018081904011openalex-snapshot
Extended Security Analysis of Hollow Captchas
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4230/oasics.ng-res.2022.1openalex-snapshot
Can We Trust AI-Powered Real-Time Embedded Systems? (Invited Paper)
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1409.0473openalex-snapshot
Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1409.1556openalex-snapshot
Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.6688/jise.2014.30.2.5openalex-snapshot
The Robustness of ＂Connecting Characters Together＂ CAPTCHAs
What points at this work
Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64948-6_9openalex-snapshot
VRC-GraphNet: A Graph Neural Network-Based Reasoning Framework for Attacking Visual Reasoning Captchas
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70543-4_19openalex-snapshot
Recognition of Components in Taoist Charm Images
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-7742-9_2openalex-snapshot
TD-CAPTCHA: An Improved CAPTCHA With Transparent and Decoy Character Images
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01592-7openalex-snapshot
On the limits of deep neural networks for CAPTCHA recognition under binary block encodings
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2025.111863openalex-snapshot
Oversee effective DDoS detection based on dual frameworks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2024.104058openalex-snapshot
Transformer-based end-to-end attack on text CAPTCHAs with triplet deep attention
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2024.103711openalex-snapshot
The robustness of behavior-verification-based slider CAPTCHAs
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2026.104668openalex-snapshot
PoW-GeoCAPTCHA: A novel human-bot verification scheme integrating proof-of-work and geometric recognition
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2025.107362openalex-snapshot
A neural approach to the Turing Test: The role of emotions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2398890openalex-snapshot
An Ecologically Valid Approach to Evaluating Online Gatekeepers
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3442976openalex-snapshot
Image CAPTCHAs: When Deep Learning Breaks the Mold
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/cedl60560.2023.00040openalex-snapshot
A Review on Text-based CAPTCHA Breaking Based on Deep Learning Methods
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/esci59607.2024.10497359openalex-snapshot
Redefining Security: Unveiling the Vulnerabilities of Captcha Mechanisms Using Deep Learning
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/icsft67370.2026.11566181openalex-snapshot
AI-Resistant Image Based CAPTCHA Generation Using Diffusion Models
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/rait65068.2025.11088923openalex-snapshot
CTC Loss-Based OCR Model for Efficient Text CAPTCHA Recognition
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/rtsi61910.2024.10761297openalex-snapshot
Strengthening Applications' Security with Handwritten Arabic Calligraphy Captcha
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3641953openalex-snapshot
Enhancing the Security of Large Character Set CAPTCHAs Using Transferable Adversarial Examples
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2025.3645614openalex-snapshot
MF-GGNN: Crack Visual Reasoning CAPTCHA Holistically Using a Novel Multi-Feature Fusion-Based Graph Gated Neural Network
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3660628openalex-snapshot
mCaptcha: Replacing Captchas with Rate limiters to Improve Security and Accessibility
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3674225.3674309openalex-snapshot
Research on thermal safety verification code recognition based on SENet and CTC networks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3793449.3793513openalex-snapshot
Adaptive CAPTCHA System using Visual Challenges and Behavior Analysis Based on Deep Learning
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-025-00484-0openalex-snapshot
IReCAPTCHA: a robust image-reasoning CAPTCHA system
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.32561/nsz.2023.4.3openalex-snapshot
A mesterséges intelligencia biztonsági kockázatai egy új korszak kezdetén
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/app14125016openalex-snapshot
Adaptive CAPTCHA: A CRNN-Based Text CAPTCHA Solver with Adaptive Fusion Filter Networks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/info15110717openalex-snapshot
Variational Color Shift and Auto-Encoder Based on Large Separable Kernel Attention for Enhanced Text CAPTCHA Vulnerability Assessment
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.46604/ijeti.2024.13977openalex-snapshot
FEGAN: A High-Performance Font Enhancement Network for Text CAPTCHA Preprocessing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5815/ijisa.2025.03.01openalex-snapshot
Robust, Interactive, and Intelligent Captcha Model Based on Image Processing
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