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A Critical Analysis of the Largest Source for Generative AI Training Data: Common Crawl

https://doi.org/10.1145/3630106.3659033
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Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

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Thematic analysis.
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Algorithms of oppression: how search engines reinforce racism
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On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots
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Do Datasets Have Politics? Disciplinary Values in Computer Vision Dataset Development
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Representation Bias in Data: A Survey on Identification and Resolution Techniques
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#Gamergate and The Fappening: How Reddit’s algorithm, governance, and culture support toxic technocultures
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211044808openalex-snapshot
Algorithmic reparation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1511/2015.114.184openalex-snapshot
Crawling toward a Wiser Web
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03522openalex-snapshot
Taguette: open-source qualitative data analysis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4230/lipics.giscience.2023.43openalex-snapshot
Aion Framework: Dimensional Emergence of AI Consciousness, Observer-Induced Collapse, and Cosmological Portal Dynamics
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4230/lipics.itp.2023.19openalex-snapshot
Exploiting Generative AI to Scale up Intelligent Tutoring Systems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4230/oasics.commit2data.3openalex-snapshot
BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Model
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003341185openalex-snapshot
Countering the Cloud
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1911.00359openalex-snapshot
CCNet: Extracting High Quality Monolingual Datasets from Web Crawl Data
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2007.07399openalex-snapshot
Bringing the People Back In: Contesting Benchmark Machine Learning Datasets
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2101.00027openalex-snapshot
The Pile: An 800GB Dataset of Diverse Text for Language Modeling
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2105.02732openalex-snapshot
What's in the Box? A Preliminary Analysis of Undesirable Content in the Common Crawl Corpus
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2109.00698openalex-snapshot
An Empirical Exploration in Quality Filtering of Text Data
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2302.13971openalex-snapshot
LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2303.03915openalex-snapshot
The BigScience ROOTS Corpus: A 1.6TB Composite Multilingual Dataset
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2304.01373openalex-snapshot
A Note on Normalized Emergence Timing (in Pythia Language Model Evaluations)
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2306.01116openalex-snapshot
The RefinedWeb Dataset for Falcon LLM: Outperforming Curated Corpora with Web Data, and Web Data Only
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2306.13141openalex-snapshot
On Hate Scaling Laws For Data-Swamps
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371628openalex-snapshot
A framework for few-shot language model evaluation

What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

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The Layered Injection Model of Algorithmic Bias as a Conceptual Framework to Understand Biases Impacting the Output of Text-To-Image Models
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Library Genesis to Llama 3: Navigating the Waters of Scientific Integrity, Ethics, and the Scholarly Record
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Bias in Generative Outputs: Evidence from Text and Text-to-Image Systems
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Maschinelle Narrative
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Automated Text Corpus Development Using Web Crawling for Low-Resource Mizo Language: A Foundation for NLP Research
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Large language models and the problem of rhetorical debt
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ArtIA: imagining a new digital commons for creative AI
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Multimodal deep learning model for bitcoin price prediction with news and market prices
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From benchmarks to deployment: a comprehensive review of agentic AI evaluation
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Text classification for private procurement: a survey and an analysis of future trends
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The Death of the X-XSS-Protection Header: A Web Security Post-Mortem
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Large language models: applications, limitations, challenges, and recommendations in cybersecurity, digital forensics, and ethical hacking
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Evaluating large language models as raters in large-scale writing assessments: A psychometric framework for reliability and validity
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Wither heritage? How does a generative Artificial intelligence model envision humanity’s cultural heritage in 30 years’ time?
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Missing context: a review of natural language processing for archives
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Why ‘open’ AI systems are actually closed, and why this matters
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Computational scapegoats: from mimetic to alienated desire in the production of large language models
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Assessing the feasibility of collective licensing of in-copyright works as training data for generative AI systems
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Toward human-centered AI-assisted terminology work
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Desktop review of LGBTIQA+ visibility and inclusion in South Australian cancer-treatment and service organization websites
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2026.2732484openalex-snapshot
When GenAI Negotiates Like Humans: Evidence of the Anchoring Bias in Large Language Models’ Outputs
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Governance of discriminatory content in conversational AIs: a cross-platform and cross-cultural analysis
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Insights into Moral Reasoning of AI: A Comparative Study Between Humans and Large Language Models
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/syscon64521.2025.11014869openalex-snapshot
Operationalizing Common Crawl News: AI-Enabled Data Pipeline for Large-Scale News Analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/epic.70016openalex-snapshot
Co‐designing a Large Language Model Benchmarking Dataset for Primary Care with Nurses in Kenya
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.70010openalex-snapshot
Collaborative Growth: When Large Language Models Meet Sociolinguistics
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Can LLMs be used to Quantify the Emotional Salience of Text Statements using an Elo Rating System?
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A Framework for Auditing Chatbots for Dialect-Based Quality-of-Service Harms
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Transphobia Is in the Eye of the Prompter: Trans-Centered Perspectives on Large Language Models
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Large Language Models as Search Engines: Societal Challenges
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Large Language Models as Search Engines: Societal Challenges
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HiParse: A Hierarchical Framework for Optimizing Web Content Extraction to Enhance LLM Pre-training Data
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Treading the Transparency Tightrope: A Taxonomy of Risks and Benefits of Foundation Model Data Transparency for Transparency Advocates
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“A natural language interface for everyday life”: The social and political functions of AI capabilities discourses
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Bureaucratic Silences: What the Canadian AI Register Reveals, Omits, and Obscures
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“Pretty Much Free”: Perceived Costs and Value(s) in Academic LLM Research
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8. Equality and Ethics for AI
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Generating language assessment content free from representational harms
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What do librarians look like? Stereotyping of a profession by generative Ai
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AI-generated stories favour stability over change: homogeneity and cultural stereotyping in narratives generated by gpt-4o-mini
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LLM referential chain generation.
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Against AI Jurisprudence: Large Language Models and the False Promises of Empirical Judging
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Peningkatan Soft Skill berbasis kecerdasan tiruan untuk optimalisasi pemanfaatan energi renewable
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The sociolinguistic foundations of language modeling
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Applications of Large Language Models in Medical Research: From Systematic Reviews to Clinical Studies
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Fabrication-Aware Synthetic Dataset Generation and Compact Geometric Encoding for Architectural Robotic Assembly of Brick Wall Designs
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What Might Be the Possible Conditions for Artificial Intelligence to Become Cultural Beings and to Develop a Cultural Heritage of Their Own?
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A protocol for evaluating AI chatbots’ capabilities for low-resource language teachers
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Exploring generative artificial intelligence: a comprehensive guide
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