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An Empirical Study of the Non-Determinism of ChatGPT in Code Generation

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Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-021-04258-yopenalex-snapshot
Reliability and optimal release time analysis for multi up-gradation software with imperfect debugging and varied testing coverage under the effect of random field environments
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-934613-03-3.50019-2openalex-snapshot
APPLICATION OF THEOREM PROVING TO PROBLEM SOLVING**This research is a part of Project Defender and was supported by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense and was monitored by Rome Air Development Center under Contracts AF 30(602)-4147 and F30602-69-C-0056.††This…
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Readings in Artificial Intelligence
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/icra48891.2023.10160591openalex-snapshot
Code as Policies: Language Model Programs for Embodied Control
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/icse48619.2023.00110openalex-snapshot
CCTEST: Testing and Repairing Code Completion Systems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/icse48619.2023.00181openalex-snapshot
On the Robustness of Code Generation Techniques: An Empirical Study on GitHub Copilot
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/icstw58534.2023.00078openalex-snapshot
ChatGPT and Software Testing Education: Promises & Perils
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2024.3368208openalex-snapshot
Software Testing With Large Language Models: Survey, Landscape, and Vision
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1978.4310035openalex-snapshot
The Inference of Regular LISP Programs from Examples
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/1925844.1926423openalex-snapshot
Automating string processing in spreadsheets using input-output examples
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/321992.322002openalex-snapshot
A Methodology for LISP Program Construction from Examples
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3324884.3416545openalex-snapshot
Problems and opportunities in training deep learning software systems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3368089.3417058openalex-snapshot
IntelliCode compose: code generation using transformer
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3387904openalex-snapshot
Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Program Comprehension
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3487569openalex-snapshot
In-IDE Code Generation from Natural Language: Promise and Challenges
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519665openalex-snapshot
Expectation vs. Experience: Evaluating the Usability of Code Generation Tools Powered by Large Language Models
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3502030openalex-snapshot
CoAuthor: Designing a Human-AI Collaborative Writing Dataset for Exploring Language Model Capabilities
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3583566openalex-snapshot
COMET: Coverage-guided Model Generation For Deep Learning Library Testing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3597207openalex-snapshot
CodeEditor : Learning to Edit Source Code with Pre-trained Models
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3597503.3623306openalex-snapshot
Exploring the Potential of ChatGPT in Automated Code Refinement: An Empirical Study
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3597503.3623316openalex-snapshot
CoderEval: A Benchmark of Pragmatic Code Generation with Generative Pre-trained Models
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3597926.3598067openalex-snapshot
Large Language Models Are Zero-Shot Fuzzers: Fuzzing Deep-Learning Libraries via Large Language Models
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/362566.362568openalex-snapshot
Toward automatic program synthesis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3643674openalex-snapshot
Refining ChatGPT-Generated Code: Characterizing and Mitigating Code Quality Issues
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1561/2500000010openalex-snapshot
Program Synthesis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33017055openalex-snapshot
A Grammar-Based Structural CNN Decoder for Code Generation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.findings-emnlp.139openalex-snapshot
CodeBERT: A Pre-Trained Model for Programming and Natural Languages
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.15openalex-snapshot
RankGen: Improving Text Generation with Large Ranking Models
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.inlg-main.25openalex-snapshot
Analogy Generation by Prompting Large Language Models: A Case Study of InstructGPT
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.ijcnlp-main.45openalex-snapshot
A Multitask, Multilingual, Multimodal Evaluation of ChatGPT on Reasoning, Hallucination, and Interactivity
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p16-1004openalex-snapshot
Language to Logical Form with Neural Attention
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p16-1057openalex-snapshot
Latent Predictor Networks for Code Generation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.21236/ada016811openalex-snapshot
PYGMALION: A Creative Programming Environment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7020062openalex-snapshot
The Role of ChatGPT in Data Science: How AI-Assisted Conversational Interfaces Are Revolutionizing the Field
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.52202/068431-0976openalex-snapshot
Fault-Aware Neural Code Rankers
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.55529/ijitc.31.17.22openalex-snapshot
Use Chat GPT to Solve Programming Bugs
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.47-6008openalex-snapshot
The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.7916/d89k4k6xopenalex-snapshot
Inferring LISP Programs from Examples

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inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/msr66628.2025.00082openalex-snapshot
Prompt Engineering or Fine-Tuning: An Empirical Assessment of LLMs for Code
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/msr66628.2025.00106openalex-snapshot
Prompting in the Wild: An Empirical Study of Prompt Evolution in Software Repositories
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/re63999.2025.00043openalex-snapshot
LLM-Assisted Requirements Engineering in Agile MDD: Industry Insights and Validation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/rew66121.2025.00015openalex-snapshot
CMER: A Context-Aware Approach for Mining Ethical Concern-related App Reviews
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/rew66121.2025.00039openalex-snapshot
SAGE: A Context-Aware Approach for Mining Privacy Requirements Relevant Reviews from Mental Health Apps
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/saner64311.2025.00024openalex-snapshot
LLM-Based Generation of Solidity Smart Contracts from System Requirements in Natural Language: The AstraKode Case
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/saner67736.2026.00016openalex-snapshot
Can We Classify Flaky Tests Using Only Test Code? an LLM-Based Empirical Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/saner67736.2026.00024openalex-snapshot
Agentic Pipelines in Embedded Software Engineering: Emerging Practices and Challenges
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/spw67851.2025.00005openalex-snapshot
Exploring Zero-Shot Prompting for Generating Data Format Descriptions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/sse72781.2026.00036openalex-snapshot
What Does a Prompt Actually Do? A Systematic Ablation Study of Prompt Components in LLM Code Generation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2025.3564042openalex-snapshot
Harnessing Language for Coordination: A Framework and Benchmark for LLM-Driven Multiagent Control
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3589634openalex-snapshot
Prompt Alchemy: Automatic Prompt Refinement for Enhancing Code Generation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3632765openalex-snapshot
How Can ChatGPT Support Human Security Testers to Help Mitigate Supply Chain Attacks?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/exsy.70072openalex-snapshot
Leveraging Ethical Narratives to Enhance LLM ‐ AutoML Generated Machine Learning Models
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.70089openalex-snapshot
Co‐Coding Classroom Dialogue: A Single Researcher Case Study of ChatGPT ‐Assisted Analysis in Science Education
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jedm.70049openalex-snapshot
Automated Coding of Communication Data Using LLM: Consistency across Subgroups
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1115/1.4066095openalex-snapshot
Reconstruction and Generation of Porous Metamaterial Units Via Variational Graph Autoencoder and Large Language Model
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-108775openalex-snapshot
Performance of large language models (GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Claude Sonnet 4.6 and Grok 4.1) on the Fellowship of The Royal College of Surgeons Urology Part A examination
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642902openalex-snapshot
The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3651115openalex-snapshot
Leveraging Large Language Models to Enhance Domain Expert Inclusion in Data Science Workflows
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3639476openalex-snapshot
Proceedings of the 2024 ACM/IEEE 44th International Conference on Software Engineering: New Ideas and Emerging Results
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3639476.3639777openalex-snapshot
Exploring ChatGPT for Toxicity Detection in GitHub
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3639477.3639727openalex-snapshot
Translating between SQL Dialects for Cloud Migration
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3639477.3639751openalex-snapshot
Lessons from Building StackSpot AI: A Contextualized AI Coding Assistant
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3643661.3643951openalex-snapshot
An Empirical Comparison of Code Generation Approaches for Ansible
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3643661.3643952openalex-snapshot
An Exploratory Study on How Non-Determinism in Large Language Models Affects Log Parsing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3643991.3644903openalex-snapshot
Leveraging GPT-like LLMs to Automate Issue Labeling
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3644815.3644949openalex-snapshot
Developer Experiences with a Contextualized AI Coding Assistant: Usability, Expectations, and Outcomes
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3650105openalex-snapshot
Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE/ACM First International Conference on AI Foundation Models and Software Engineering
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3650212.3680308openalex-snapshot
Oracle-Guided Program Selection from Large Language Models
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3650212.3680369openalex-snapshot
Neurosymbolic Repair of Test Flakiness
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3652620.3688334openalex-snapshot
Turning Low-Code Development Platforms into True No-Code with LLMs
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3658271.3658337openalex-snapshot
Impacts of the Usage of Generative Artificial Intelligence on Software Development Process
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3663529.3663849openalex-snapshot
Rethinking Software Engineering in the Era of Foundation Models: A Curated Catalogue of Challenges in the Development of Trustworthy FMware
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3664646.3664767openalex-snapshot
Towards AI for Software Systems
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3689728openalex-snapshot
Statically Contextualizing Large Language Models with Typed Holes
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3698205.3729544openalex-snapshot
Will Your Next Pair Programming Partner Be Human? An Empirical Evaluation of Generative AI as a Collaborative Teammate in a Semester-Long Classroom Setting
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3700597openalex-snapshot
Human-AI Synergy in Survey Development: Implications from Large Language Models in Business and Research
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3709355openalex-snapshot
A Roadmap for Software Testing in Open-Collaborative and AI-Powered Era
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3711875.3729141openalex-snapshot
EdgeLoRA: An Efficient Multi-Tenant LLM Serving System on Edge Devices
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3715735openalex-snapshot
Hallucination Detection in Large Language Models with Metamorphic Relations
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3719160.3736625openalex-snapshot
Outcomes, Perceptions, and Interaction Strategies of Novice Programmers Studying with ChatGPT
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3719351openalex-snapshot
Fully Autonomous Programming Using Iterative Multi-Agent Debugging with Large Language Models
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3724117openalex-snapshot
Bias Testing and Mitigation in LLM-based Code Generation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3731756openalex-snapshot
What Should We Engineer in Prompts? Training Humans in Requirement-Driven LLM Use
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3735553openalex-snapshot
Large Language Models for Automated Web-Form-Test Generation: An Empirical Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3735635openalex-snapshot
Do Current Language Models Support Code Intelligence for R Programming Language?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3735950.3735954openalex-snapshot
SecureMind: A Framework for Benchmarking Large Language Models in Memory Bug Detection and Repair
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3737821.3749555openalex-snapshot
Collaborating with LLMs Through a Voice and Graphical User Interface
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3744916.3773116openalex-snapshot
Scaling Security Testing by Addressing the Reachability Gap
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3744916.3773206openalex-snapshot
HoarePrompt: Structural Reasoning About Program Correctness in Natural Language
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3744916.3773257openalex-snapshot
RISE: Rule-Driven SQL Dialect Translation via Query Reduction
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3755881.3755925openalex-snapshot
AdaptiveLLM: A Framework for Selecting Optimal Cost-Efficient LLM for Code-Generation Based on CoT Length
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3767695.3769502openalex-snapshot
Investigating LLM Variability in Personalized Conversational Information Retrieval
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3768633.3770129openalex-snapshot
Muteract: Interactive and Iterative Prompt Mutation Interface for LLM Developers and Evaluators
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3771922openalex-snapshot
Assessing the Latent Automated Program Repair Capabilities of Large Language Models Using Round-Trip Translation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3771937openalex-snapshot
On Developers’ Self-Declaration of AI-Generated Code: An Analysis of Practices
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790712openalex-snapshot
Agent-Supported Foresight for AI Systemic Risks: AI Agents for Breadth, Experts for Judgment
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3773285openalex-snapshot
TaskEval: Assessing Difficulty of Code Generation Tasks for Large Language Models
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3774324openalex-snapshot
SE Perspective on LLMs: Biases in Code Generation, Code Interpretability, and Code Security Risks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3777383openalex-snapshot
Large Language Models for Code Translation: An In-Depth Analysis of Code Smells and Functional Correctness
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3786178.3788327openalex-snapshot
Flaky Tests in a Large Industrial Database Management System: An Empirical Study of Fixed Issue Reports for SAP HANA
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3786583.3786919openalex-snapshot
On the Flakiness of LLM-Generated Tests for Industrial and Open-Source Database Management Systems
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3793302.3793318openalex-snapshot
Skyt: Prompt Contracts for Software Repeatability in LLM-Assisted Development
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3793657.3793897openalex-snapshot
Automating Empirical Protocols for LLM Code Generation: A Vision to Scale Empirical Investigation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3794763.3794819openalex-snapshot
Guidelines to Prompt Large Language Models for Code Generation: An Empirical Characterization
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3794763.3794828openalex-snapshot
Automated Test Suite Enhancement Using Large Language Models with Few-shot Prompting
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3794860.3794901openalex-snapshot
Beyond Code: Empirical Insights into How Team Dynamics Influence OSS Project Selection
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3798251openalex-snapshot
Beyond Coverage: Automatic Test Suite Augmentation for Enhanced Effectiveness using Large Language Models
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3799420openalex-snapshot
Seek and You Shall SOC: Blending Human Expertise with Multimodal Generative AI for Scalable Threat Prevention
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3799434openalex-snapshot
Cash or Comfort? How LLMs Value Your Inconvenience
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3803437.3805792openalex-snapshot
Beyond Text: Understanding How Multimodal Generative AI Impacts Students Learning Software Development (Extended Abstract)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3808230openalex-snapshot
Assessing the Capability of LLMs for Deprecated API Usage Updating from Natural Language Descriptions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3832108openalex-snapshot
From Natural Language to Executable Properties for Property-Based Testing of Mobile Apps (Experience Paper)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3832206openalex-snapshot
Unpacking AI Agent Participation in Issue-Centered Collaboration in Open-Source Software Development
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3832247openalex-snapshot
Enhancing LLM-Based Bug Reproduction via Code Entity Retrieval and Test Case Repair
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3837062.3839373openalex-snapshot
MagicChat: An In-Tool AI Agent for Industrial Model-Based Engineering in MagicDraw
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3840586.3843212openalex-snapshot
The Developer as Curator: A Canvas for Coding Agent Context
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3843779.3844633openalex-snapshot
Prompt Pipelines as Engineered Artifacts: Regression-Testing a Multi-agent Threat-Modeling Pipeline
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3844178.3844641openalex-snapshot
ForkOps: Operating Fleets of Generated Software Variants
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1155/adce/8953677openalex-snapshot
A Knowledge Service System for Foundation Pit Engineering Based on LoRA and RAG
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00337openalex-snapshot
Open Science at the generative AI turn: An exploratory analysis of challenges and opportunities
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0092055x251397371openalex-snapshot
Assessing Instructor-AI Cooperation for Grading Essay-Type Questions in an Introductory Sociology Course
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