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Pattern of activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in acute stroke. Relation to acute confusional state, extent of brain damage, and clinical outcome.

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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

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Acute Confusional State and Acute Agitated Delirium
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Prognostic Value of the Stress Response Following Stroke
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Neuroendocrine and metabolic responses induced by Interleukin‐1
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HPA axis responsivity to dexamethasone and cognitive impairment in dementia
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Chapter 2 Glucocorticoids, hippocampal damage and the glutamatergic synapse
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Stress and the pituitary-adrenal axis
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Interleukin-6 and acute-phase protein concentrations in surgical intensive care unit patients
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Urinary free Cortisol excretion shortly after ischaemic stroke
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INOBVIOUS STROKE: A CAUSE OF DELIRIUM AND DEMENTIA
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Glucocorticoids Inhibit Glucose Transport and Glutamate Uptake in Hippocampal Astrocytes: Implications for Glucocorticoid Neurotoxicity
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Glucocorticoids Exacerbate Hypoxic and Hypoglycemic Hippocampal Injury In Vitro: Biochemical Correlates and a Role for Astrocytes
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Corticotropin-Releasing Activity of Monokines
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Glucocorticoids Potentiate Ischemic Injury to Neurons: Therapeutic Implications
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Acute Confusional States (Delirium) in Stroke Patients
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1159/000124933openalex-snapshot
Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization Is Increased in Acutely Adrenalectomized Rats
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Glucocorticoids Inhibit Glucose Transport in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons and Glia
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The Effect of Interleukin-6 on Pituitary Hormone Release in vivo and in vitro
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Hypercortisolism revealed by the dexamethasone suppression test in patients [corrected] with acute ischemic stroke.
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Abnormalities at different levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis early after stroke.
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Responses of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal and Renin-Angiotensin Axes and the Sympathetic System During Controlled Surgical and Anesthetic Stress
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Inhibition of glucocorticoid secretion by the hippocampal formation in the primate

What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

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Stroke due to Systemic Diseases
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An Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field and Global Cerebral Ischemia Affect Pituitary ACTH and TSH Cells in Gerbils
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Mechanisms of Immunodepression after Central Nervous System Injury
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Traumatic and Degenerative Hypothalamic Diseases
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Management of High Blood Pressure in Acute Ischaemic Stroke
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Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in critically ill patients with traumatic and nontraumatic brain injury
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Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in critically ill patients with traumatic and nontraumatic brain injury
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Applied Physiology in Intensive Care Medicine 1
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Serum interleukin-6 predicts cortisol release in acute stroke patients
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Mechanisms of brain-mediated systemic anti-inflammatory syndrome causing immunodepression
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Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in critically ill patients with traumatic and nontraumatic brain injury
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Cortisol levels and the severity and outcomes of acute stroke: a systematic review
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Vasopressin and Copeptin in health and disease
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Inflammation in Acute Ischemic Stroke and its Relevance to Stroke Critical Care
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Neuroendocrine Changes in Patients with Spontaneous Supratentorial Intracerebral Hemorrhage
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Investigation of changes in body composition, metabolic profile and skeletal muscle functional capacity in ischemic stroke patients: the rationale and design of the Body Size in Stroke Study (BoSSS)
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Excitotoxins
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Oxytocin and vasopressin in the hippocampus
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Serum albumin as a determinant of cortisol release in patients with acute ischemic stroke
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Differential effects of sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis on systemic immune cells after severe experimental stroke
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Adrenal hormones and circulating leukocyte subtypes in stroke patients treated with reperfusion therapy
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Selective estrogen receptor activation prior to global cerebral ischemia in female rats impacts microglial activation and anxiety-like behaviors without effects on CA1 neuronal injury
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The etiology of poststroke-depression: a hypothesis involving HPA axis
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Stress and social isolation increase vulnerability to stroke
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Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor activates JAK2/PI3K/PDE3B pathway to inhibit corticosterone synthesis in a neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury rat model
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Serum-cortisol reflects severity and mortality in acute stroke
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Catecholamines, infection, and death in acute ischemic stroke
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Changes in autonomic tone during delirium in acute stroke patients assessed by pupillometry and skin conductance
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Plasma Brain Natriuretic Peptide is a Marker of Prognostic Functional Outcome in Non–Cardioembolic Infarction
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Corticosterone and dexamethasone potentiate cytotoxicity associated with oxygen-glucose deprivation in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures
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2006 Curt P. Richter award winner
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Hypercortisolism after stroke — partly cytokine-mediated?
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Interaction of prefrontal cortical and hypothalamic systems in the pathogenesis of depression
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An early and sustained peripheral inflammatory response in acute ischaemic stroke: relationships with infection and atherosclerosis
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Ischemia/reperfusion-induced changes of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity is opioid related in Sprague–Dawley rat
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Endocrine abnormalities and outcome of ischaemic stroke
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Delirium and confusional state in stroke patients
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Behavioral and mood disorders
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Delirium and confusional state in stroke patients
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Low T3 levels as a predictor marker predict the prognosis of patients with acute ischemic stroke
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Low free triiodothyronine levels are related to symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and poor functional outcomes after intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke patients
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Early post-haemorrhagic stroke testosterone and oestradiol levels and long-term risk of death
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Obesity in children and adolescents with acquired brain injury
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Aphasia severity and salivary cortisol over time
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Aphasia and the neuropsychobiology of stress
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The nutritional management of a central venous incident
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Stroke-induced Immunodeficiency Promotes Spontaneous Bacterial Infections and Is Mediated by Sympathetic Activation Reversal by Poststroke T Helper Cell Type 1–like Immunostimulation
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Review. Cerebral and systemic pathophysiological responses to acute stroke
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Characterization of incident heart failure after ischaemic stroke/transient ischaemic attack: a UK Biobank study
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Endocrine Disruption After Brain Injury
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Corticosterone-aggravated ischemic neuronal damage in vitro is relieved by vanadate
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Metyrapone, an Inhibitor of Glucocorticoid Production, Reduces Brain Injury Induced by Focal and Global Ischemia and Seizures
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Dexamethasone Aggravates Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Damage by Facilitating the Onset of Anoxic Depolarization and the Increase in the Intracellular Ca 2+ Concentration in Gerbil Hippocampus
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Insulin Induces Dephosphorylation of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2α and Restores Protein Synthesis in Vulnerable Hippocampal Neurons after Transient Brain Ischemia
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Neuroprotective Effects of the CRF 1 Antagonist R121920 after Permanent Focal Ischemia in the Rat
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Glucocorticoid therapy in neurologic critical care
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Impaired blood pressure increase in acute cardioembolic stroke
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Wake-up test and stress hormone levels in patients with brain injury
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Allostatic Load and Delirium in the Hospitalized Older Adult
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The determination of copeptin levels helps management decisions among transient ischaemic attack patients
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The post‐stroke young adult brain has limited capacity to re‐express the gene expression patterns seen during early postnatal brain development
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Blood pressure management after endovascular thrombectomy: Insights of recent randomized controlled trials
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Low and high circulating cortisol levels predict mortality and cognitive dysfunction early after stroke
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Anterior pituitary axis hormones and outcome in acute ischaemic stroke
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Systemic Inflammation, Blood Pressure, and Stroke Outcome
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1134/s0006297925604162openalex-snapshot
The Levels of Neurotrophic Factors in the Rat Hippocampus in the Acute Period after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Are Associated with the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Activation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1134/s1819712417030084openalex-snapshot
Accumulation of corticosterone and interleukin-1β in the hippocampus after focal ischemic damage of the neocortex: Selective vulnerability of the ventral hippocampus
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1134/s1819712421020124openalex-snapshot
Neuroplastic Changes in Rat Hippocampus after Ischemic Stroke in the Neocortex: The Involvement of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis System and the Neurotrophin System
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1134/s1819712425700023openalex-snapshot
Glial Neurotrophic Factor in Ischemic Stroke: Possible Role of Glucocorticoids
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1134/s1819712426700194openalex-snapshot
Glucocorticoid Receptor Blocking Increases Hippocampal CNTF Levels after Acute Ischemic Stroke
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2009.182394openalex-snapshot
The impact of lesion location and lesion size on poststroke infection frequency
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.74.6.725openalex-snapshot
Neuroendocrine changes in patients with acute space occupying ischaemic stroke
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00233.2021openalex-snapshot
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in male rats results in sustained HPA activation and hyperinsulinemia
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1999.79.1.1openalex-snapshot
Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by Cytokines: Actions and Mechanisms of Action
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2406122openalex-snapshot
Inflammatory Response and Immune Regulation in Brain-Heart Interaction after Stroke
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1159/000015830openalex-snapshot
Complications of Acute Ischaemic Stroke
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1159/000079943openalex-snapshot
Salivary Cortisol, a Biological Marker of Stress, Is Positively Associated with 24-Hour Systolic Blood Pressure in Patients with Acute Ischaemic Stroke
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.0000105052.65787.35openalex-snapshot
High Blood Pressure in Acute Stroke and Subsequent Outcome
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.0000016967.76805.bfopenalex-snapshot
Social Stress Exacerbates Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.0000053031.12332.fbopenalex-snapshot
Measuring Longitudinally the Metabolic Demands of Stroke Patients
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.0000258346.68966.9dopenalex-snapshot
Infection After Acute Ischemic Stroke
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.28.8.1590openalex-snapshot
Predictive Factors of Early Seizures After Acute Cerebrovascular Disease
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.31.5.1162openalex-snapshot
The Corticosterone Synthesis Inhibitor Metyrapone Prevents Hypoxia/Ischemia-Induced Loss of Synaptic Function in the Rat Hippocampus
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.117.311170openalex-snapshot
Brain–Heart Interaction
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1161/hs1001.098155openalex-snapshot
Early Stroke: A Dynamic Process
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.122.027156openalex-snapshot
Heart‐Brain Team Approach of Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicating Acute Stroke: Characteristics of Guideline‐Recommended Coronary Revascularization and Antithrombotic Therapy and Cardiovascular and Bleeding Outcomes
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.111.619163openalex-snapshot
Body Weight After Stroke
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.111.627331openalex-snapshot
Plasma α-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Predicts Outcome in Ischemic Stroke
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.115.011256openalex-snapshot
Role of Prestroke Vascular Pathology in Long-Term Prognosis After Stroke
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.119.025015openalex-snapshot
Occurrence Rate of Delirium in Acute Stroke Settings
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0003319713503487openalex-snapshot
Changes in Hypothalamus–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Following Transient Ischemic Attack
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0003319716629322openalex-snapshot
Copeptin Levels Do Not Correlate With Cross-Clamping Time in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy Under General Anesthesia
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1179573519897083openalex-snapshot
Delirium Assessment in Acute Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Incidence, Assessment Tools, and Assessment Frequencies
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1534582303259057openalex-snapshot
Brain Systems Underlying Susceptibility to Helplessness and Depression
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1756286418759493openalex-snapshot
Differential immunological profiles herald magnetic resonance imaging-defined perioperative cerebral infarction
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/2050313x231183869openalex-snapshot
Stroke-heart syndrome: A case report and mini literature review
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/23969873211014758openalex-snapshot
24-hour blood pressure variability and treatment effect of intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-4-2openalex-snapshot
Peak plasma interleukin-6 and other peripheral markers of inflammation in the first week of ischaemic stroke correlate with brain infarct volume, stroke severity and long-term outcome
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/2040-7378-3-8openalex-snapshot
Calorie restriction and stroke
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-024-03998-1openalex-snapshot
The predictive value of optic nerve sheath diameter measurement via ultrasound for intracerebral hemorrhage complicated by cerebral-cardiac syndrome
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-026-05351-0openalex-snapshot
Impact of dynamic blood glucose trajectories on mortality in critically ill non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage patients: a retrospective cohort study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-017-0914-6openalex-snapshot
Ischaemic stroke and the recanalization drug tissue plasminogen activator interfere with antibacterial phagocyte function
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s42494-021-00068-8openalex-snapshot
Pathogenesis of seizures and epilepsy after stroke
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1201/b17072-55openalex-snapshot
HYPERTENSION IN ACUTE STROKE
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0431openalex-snapshot
Erythropoietin Inhibits Basal and Stimulated Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Release from the Rat Hypothalamus via a Nontranscriptional Mechanism
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e31820b75e6openalex-snapshot
Stress hormones predict cerebrovascular re-events after transient ischemic attacks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.030411openalex-snapshot
Adipose tissue, metabolic and inflammatory responses to stroke are altered in obese mice
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.94.39openalex-snapshot
Detrimental Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor on the Decrease of CA1 Field Potential Induced by In Vitro Ischemia in Rat Hippocampal Slices
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072758openalex-snapshot
Cortisol as a Prognostic Marker of Short-Term Outcome in Chinese Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1385/ncc:3:3:224openalex-snapshot
Endocrine Alterations in Critically Ill Patients With Stroke During the Early Recovery Period
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.14336/ad.2014.0500294openalex-snapshot
Cytokines: Their Role in Stroke and Potential Use as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.14336/ad.2014.0500327openalex-snapshot
Catecholamines, Steroids and Immune Alterations in Ischemic Stroke and Other Acute Diseases
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2013.814964openalex-snapshot
Management of blood pressure in acute stroke
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2014.877841openalex-snapshot
The role of neuroendocrine pathways in prognosis after stroke
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2014.977867openalex-snapshot
Neuroendocrine hormones as prognostic biomarkers in the setting of acute stroke: overcoming the major hurdles
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1586/ern.10.200openalex-snapshot
Inflammatory and neuroendocrine biomarkers of prognosis after ischemic stroke
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.17169/refubium-11579openalex-snapshot
Untersuchung von Hypophysenhormonen und assoziierten Signalpeptiden bei Patienten mit erstmaligem ischämischen Schlaganfall
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.970311openalex-snapshot
SERUM COPEPTIN LEVEL AS A BIOMARKER FOR DETECTING TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK IN THE EMERGENCY ROOM: A PROSPECTIVE CASE-CONTROL STUDY
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.17517/ksutfd.1168625openalex-snapshot
Levels of Serum and Urine Catecholaminergic and Apelinergic System Members in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.17712/1658-3183.1659openalex-snapshot
P wave duration changes and dispersion. A risk factor or autonomic dysfunction in stroke?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.18632/aging.205786openalex-snapshot
Left ventricular systolic dysfunction predicts clinical prognosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke after intravenous thrombolysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.20452/pamw.1200openalex-snapshot
Effect of intravenous dopamine infusion on pituitary and thyroid function and on nephroprotection
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21037/apm-21-2645openalex-snapshot
Knowledge domain and emerging trends in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a scientometric review based on CiteSpace analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s73722openalex-snapshot
The association of post-stroke anhedonia with salivary cortisol levels and stroke lesion in hippocampal/parahippocampal region
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2174/011573403x259676231222053709openalex-snapshot
Emerging Strategies and Effective Prevention Measures for Investigating the Association Between Stroke and Sudden Cardiac Fatality
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x19666210316092225openalex-snapshot
Targeting Brain-spleen Crosstalk After Stroke: New Insights Into Stroke Pathology and Treatment
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.22215/etd/2023-15641openalex-snapshot
In vivo Analysis of kir4.1 Channel Expression Following Photothrombotic Stroke and Antidepressant Therapy
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.26226/morressier.5ab8f565d462b8029238d723openalex-snapshot
DELIRIUM SCREENING IN ACUTE STROKE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF INCIDENCE, SCREENING TOOLS AND SCREENING FREQUENCIES
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2014.937696openalex-snapshot
Effect of dopamine infusion on thyroid hormone tests and prolactin levels in very low birth weight infants
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3109/9780203091722-54openalex-snapshot
Hypertension in acute stroke
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2025.1558352openalex-snapshot
Unveiling the role of stress hyperglycemia in predicting mortality for critically ill hemorrhagic stroke patients: insights from MIMIC-IV
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.911661openalex-snapshot
Systemic immune responses after ischemic stroke: From the center to the periphery
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1800891openalex-snapshot
Serum IL-6 and functional outcome after endovascular therapy: the mediating role of infarct volume growth in acute ischemic stroke
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00201openalex-snapshot
Leukocyte Counts and Ratios Are Predictive of Stroke Outcome and Hemorrhagic Complications Independently of Infections
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2026.1836343openalex-snapshot
Central neuroendocrine dysregulation in ischaemic stroke sequelae: pathophysiological mechanisms—a narrative review
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.781964openalex-snapshot
Ischemic Stroke, Glucocorticoids, and Remote Hippocampal Damage: A Translational Outlook and Implications for Modeling
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.918531openalex-snapshot
Natural Products for the Treatment of Post-stroke Depression
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fstro.2025.1584571openalex-snapshot
Is delirium after stroke associated with dysregulation of hypothalamic pituitary axis?
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