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Judges on Trial

https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403412463933

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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/10940.1573-7799openalex-snapshot

Journal of Quantitative Criminology

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77650-7_30openalex-snapshot

Multilevel Analysis in the Study of Crime and Justice

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4732-6openalex-snapshot

The Social Contexts of Criminal Sentencing

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00989985openalex-snapshot

From simplicity to complexity: The development of theory in the study of judicial behavior

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01065413openalex-snapshot

Race and the probability of pleading guilty

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-006-9023-xopenalex-snapshot

Measuring and Explaining Charge Bargaining

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-007-9024-4openalex-snapshot

Is the Magic Still There? The Use of the Heckman Two-Step Correction for Selection Bias in Criminology

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055400125985openalex-snapshot

Political Party Affiliation and Judges' Decisions

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1021678912133openalex-snapshot

Here comes the judge: The influence of judge personal characteristics on federal sexual harassment case outcomes.

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/e571622010-001openalex-snapshot

State court sentencing of convicted felons, 2000

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/0098261x.2009.10767913openalex-snapshot

The Impact of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines and Reform: A Comparative Analysis

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/0098261x.2010.10767970openalex-snapshot

Judicial Attributes and Sentencing-Deviation Cases: Do Sex, Race, and Politics Matter?

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820000094731openalex-snapshot

Social context and racial disparities in punishment decisions

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820200095381openalex-snapshot

Location, location, location: Interdistrict and intercircuit variation in sentencing outcomes for federal drug-trafficking offenses

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820902936683openalex-snapshot

Lawlessness in the Federal Sentencing Process: A Test for Uniformity and Consistency in Sentence Outcomes

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1086/228144openalex-snapshot

The Emergent Organization of Plea Bargaining

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1086/425597openalex-snapshot

Racial and Sex Disparities in Prison Sentences: The Effect of District‐Level Judicial Demographics

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1086/467425openalex-snapshot

Federal Sentencing Guidelines and Mandatory Minimum Sentences: Do Defendants Bargain in the Shadow of the Judge?

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/(issn)1540-6237openalex-snapshot

Social Science Quarterly

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/0038-4941.00057openalex-snapshot

Judges' Race and Judicial Decision Making: Do Black Judges Sentence Differently?

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0011-1348.2005.00018.xopenalex-snapshot

RACE, ETHNICITY, THREAT AND THE LABELING OF CONVICTED FELONS*

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2009.00388.xopenalex-snapshot

Does Racial Balance in Workforce Representation Yield Equal Justice? Race Relations of Sentencing in Federal Court Organizations

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1982.tb00460.xopenalex-snapshot

Effects of Court Officials on Sentence Severity: Do Judges Make a Difference?

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00338.xopenalex-snapshot

ADVERSARIAL AND NONADVERSARIAL JUSTICE: A COMPARISON OF GUILTY PLEAS AND TRIALS*

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1993.tb01136.xopenalex-snapshot

GENDER AND IMPRISONMENT DECISIONS

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01265.xopenalex-snapshot

THE INTERACTION OF RACE, GENDER, AND AGE IN CRIMINAL SENTENCING: THE PUNISHMENT COST OF BEING YOUNG, BLACK, AND MALE

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01268.xopenalex-snapshot

USING THE CORRECT STATISTICAL TEST FOR THE EQUALITY OF REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00994.xopenalex-snapshot

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN SENTENCING DEPARTURES ACROSS MODES OF CONVICTION*

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00516.xopenalex-snapshot

SENTENCING IN CONTEXT: A MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00518.xopenalex-snapshot

ON THE USE OF THE TOTAL INCARCERATION VARIABLE IN SENTENCING RESEARCH*

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00049.xopenalex-snapshot

THE MULTILEVEL CONTEXT OF CRIMINAL SENTENCING: INTEGRATING JUDGE- AND COUNTY-LEVEL INFLUENCES*

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00195.xopenalex-snapshot

JUDGES' UNEQUAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO EXTRALEGAL DISPARITIES IN IMPRISONMENT*

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2012.00279.xopenalex-snapshot

THE POWER OF DIVERSION: INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS AND SENTENCING DISPARITY UNDER PRESUMPTIVE GUIDELINES*

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2007.00447.xopenalex-snapshot

SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH AND THE LEGAL THREAT TO PRESUMPTIVE SENTENCING GUIDELINES

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128704271467openalex-snapshot

The Impact of Contextual Factors on the Decision to Imprison in Large Urban Jurisdictions: A Multilevel Analysis

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1300/j012v02n01_06openalex-snapshot

Decision Making in Sexual Assault Cases:

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2009.22.2.104openalex-snapshot

The Effects of Booker on Inter-Judge Sentencing Disparity

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/1122051openalex-snapshot

Plea Bargaining and Its History

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/1142671openalex-snapshot

Sentencing as a Human Process

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/1143445openalex-snapshot

The Plea Bargaining Controversy

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/1143656openalex-snapshot

Research on Sentencing: The Search for Reform

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/1227773openalex-snapshot

Criminal Sentences: Law without Order

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/1269211openalex-snapshot

Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/1339961openalex-snapshot

Criminal Sentences: Law without Order

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/1961370openalex-snapshot

Personal Attribute Models of the Voting Behavior of U.S. Supreme Court Justices: Liberalism in Civil Liberties and Economics Decisions, 1946–1978

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/2095230openalex-snapshot

An Introduction to Sample Selection Bias in Sociological Data

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/2110596openalex-snapshot

Black Elite Decision Making: The Case of Trial Judges

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/2110855openalex-snapshot

Women as Policymakers: The Case of Trial Judges

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/2111313openalex-snapshot

Do Black Judges Make a Difference?

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/2130898openalex-snapshot

The Diversification of the Federal Bench: Policy and Process Ramifications

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/2647514openalex-snapshot

The Religious Right in Court: The Decision Making of Christian Evangelicals in State Supreme Courts

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/3005975openalex-snapshot

Women and Men Policymakers: Does the Judge's Gender Affect the Sentencing of Criminal Defendants?

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/3053666openalex-snapshot

The Sentencing Decisions of Black and White Judges: Expected and Unexpected Similarities

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/447673openalex-snapshot

Felony Justice: An Organizational Analysis of Criminal Courts

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/798932openalex-snapshot

Normal Crimes: Sociological Features of the Penal Code in a Public Defender Office

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487599553openalex-snapshot

Sentencing as a Human Process

What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2587325openalex-extracted

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2730889openalex-extracted

A Jury of Her Peers: The Impact of the First Female Jurors on Criminal Convictions

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4680695openalex-extracted

Prosecutor Transparency Project: Racial Disparities Study (Washtenaw County, Michigan)

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4833932openalex-extracted

A Sharp Test for the Judge Leniency Design

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1002/9781118929803.ewac0136openalex-snapshot

Female Judges

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2593openalex-snapshot

Inter‐judicial differences in approaching technical violations: Examining the interaction of judge and compliance issue for domestic violence probationers

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18485-2_1openalex-snapshot

Fair Reflection of Society in Judicial Systems

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-017-9360-yopenalex-snapshot

Punishing the Wicked: Examining the Correlates of Sentence Severity for Convicted Sex Offenders

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-025-09627-8openalex-snapshot

Moral Scripts in Prosecutorial Decision-Making: The Interplay Between Self and Others

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-021-09648-3openalex-snapshot

Sex, Politics, and U.S. District Court Outcomes: Examining Variation in Judge-Initiated Downward Guideline Departures

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-025-09891-yopenalex-snapshot

Extra-Legal Contextual Factors, Judge Demographic Characteristics, and the Sentencing of Drug Crimes: Using Pennsylvania Commission of Sentencing Data to Examine Drug Sentencing Severity, 2014–2019

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2025.102678openalex-snapshot

Lady Justice: The impact of female judges on jury trial verdicts in North Carolina

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101973openalex-snapshot

Judicial diversity and sentencing disparity across U.S. District Courts

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103622openalex-snapshot

Gender differences in judicial decisions under incomplete information: Evidence from child support cases

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.102343openalex-snapshot

Exploring the origin of sentencing disparities in the Crown Court: Using text mining techniques to differentiate between court and judge disparities

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511996399.017openalex-snapshot

Judges, bias and recusal in Canada

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139028431.010openalex-snapshot

The accountability of judges

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/s1472669615000067openalex-snapshot

Analysing Judgments from a Feminist Perspective

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/0098261x.2021.1881665openalex-snapshot

The Effects of Judge Race and Sex on Pretrial Detention Decisions

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2014.958185openalex-snapshot

When does Race and Gender Matter? The Interrelationships between the Gender of Probation Officers and Juvenile Court Detention and Intake Outcomes

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2018.1463388openalex-snapshot

Examining the Impact of Ecological Contexts on Gender Disparity in Federal Sentencing

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2022.2125048openalex-snapshot

Is Internalized Racism One More Piece of the Puzzle in Racial Disparities in Prosecution?

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2023.2244738openalex-snapshot

Judges on the Benchmark: Developing a Sentencing Feedback System

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/10511253.2017.1382546openalex-snapshot

Citation Trajectories of Academic Stars from the “Hit Parade”

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/1068316x.2026.2637904openalex-snapshot

Gender and sentencing in capital cases: Chinese criminal justice professionals’ perspectives

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2018.1547996openalex-snapshot

Examining Sentencing Patterns and Outcomes for White-Collar and Property Crime Offenders

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2020.1782949openalex-snapshot

Judicial behavior in disability cases: do judge sex and race matter?

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1086/714149openalex-snapshot

The Effect of Own-Gender Jurors on Conviction Rates

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa030openalex-snapshot

Re-assessing the Consistency of Sentencing Decisions in Cases of Assault: Allowing for Within-Court Inconsistencies

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muy018openalex-snapshot

Punishment on the Frontlines of Public Service Delivery: Client Ethnicity and Caseworker Sanctioning Decisions in a Scandinavian Welfare State

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.70035openalex-snapshot

The hidden discount: Examining racial disparity in the use of suspended sentences

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12562openalex-snapshot

A Jury of Her Peers: The Impact of the First Female Jurors on Criminal Convictions

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12589openalex-snapshot

The same, but different: The interactive effect of attributes of judges on judicial decision making and sentencing outcomes

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jels.12392openalex-snapshot

The impact of legal representation in Israeli traffic courts: Addressing selection bias and generalizability problems

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12606openalex-snapshot

Race, gender, and place: How judicial identity and local context shape anti-discrimination decisions

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0011128717693215openalex-snapshot

Analyzing Variation in Prior Record Penalties Across Conviction Offenses

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0011128720977451openalex-snapshot

Going Off the Grid: Assessing Sentencing Departures for Individuals Convicted of Sexual Offenses

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/00111287211000625openalex-snapshot

The Black Effect: Reimagining Racial Threat Through a Black Absolute Status Lens

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/00111287231174416openalex-snapshot

Progressive Politics and Policy Setting: Examining Criminal Justice Reform Efforts by Black Prosecutors

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/00111287241231748openalex-snapshot

U.S. District Court Judicial Diversity: The Impact of Race and Sex Composition on Sentencing Outcomes at the District Level

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0093854819874090openalex-snapshot

Does Sentence Type and Length Matter? Interactions of Age, Race, Ethnicity, and Gender on Jail and Prison Sentences

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/00938548221140362openalex-snapshot

Gender in the Courtroom Workgroup: Understanding the Relationship Between the Composition of Workgroups and the Gender Gap in Punishment

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/00938548231170797openalex-snapshot

Pathways to Offense Charging: Examining Defense Decision-Making During Case Processing

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0275074010367823openalex-snapshot

Representative Bureaucracy: Assessing the Evidence on Active Representation

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1065912916663653openalex-snapshot

Representation on the Courts? The Effects of Trial Judges’ Sex and Race

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/10659129261455038openalex-snapshot

Thumb on the Scale: An Empirical Study of Judge Drafted Jury Instructions

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/10887679231217159openalex-snapshot

Exploring Gender Bias in Homicide Sentencing: An Empirical Study of Russian Court Decisions Using Text Mining

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x221082638openalex-snapshot

Descriptive Representation and Prosecutorial Discretion: Race, Sex, and Carceral Disparities

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1557085119842660openalex-snapshot

Judges’ Gender and Sentencing in China: An Empirical Inquiry

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/17488958231187215openalex-snapshot

Judges’ characteristics and sentencing in Hong Kong

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/17488958241270733openalex-snapshot

Exploring sentencing disparities in the Nordic context: A multilevel analysis of court- and judge-level variation in sentences of ‘aggravated driving under the influence’ in Finnish district courts

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/17504813221133016openalex-snapshot

How US judges manage a dilemma narrating their careers

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/2755323x251350476openalex-snapshot

In-Group Favoritism in Sentencing Among the Courtroom Workgroup? Evidence From Hong Kong

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1214/23-aoas1774openalex-snapshot

Association and causation: Attributes and effects of judges in equal employment opportunity commission litigation outcomes

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21428/cb6ab371.3fba9264openalex-snapshot

Estimating Discrimination in Sentencing: Distinguishing between Good and Bad Controls

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3233/jvr-160824openalex-snapshot

The impact criminal history has on the employability of African American and Latino populations with disabilities receiving state vocational rehabilitation services: Implications for adding a criminal history variable to the RSA-911 data

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.65864/bgrhmxwcj7openalex-snapshot

Gender Representation and Collective Decision-Making in Expert Committees

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