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Reconceptualizing hate crime victimization through the lens of vulnerability and ‘difference’

https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480612439432

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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18592-4_4openalex-snapshot

The Continuum of Sexual Violence

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-010-9128-2openalex-snapshot

A General Theories of Hate Crime? Strain, Doing Difference and Self Control

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-008-9034-9openalex-snapshot

The ‘Perils’ of an Identity Politics Approach to the Legal Recognition of Harm

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230316690openalex-snapshot

The Challenges of Vulnerability

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2011.560418openalex-snapshot

Between hate and vulnerability: unpacking the British criminal justice system’s construction of disablist hate crime

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azh022openalex-snapshot

Shame, Rage and Racist Violence

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azi016openalex-snapshot

Hate Crime and the Image of the Stranger

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azi078openalex-snapshot

Hearing Lost Voices

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azp046openalex-snapshot

Aggravating Racism and Elusive Motivation

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azq065openalex-snapshot

'Doing Gender' in Fear of Crime: The Impact of Gender Identity on Reported Levels of Fear of Crime in Adolescents and Young Adults

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048299openalex-snapshot

RACIAL HARASSMENT AND THE PROCESS OF VICTIMIZATION

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-199803000-00001openalex-snapshot

Vulnerable Populations: A Continuing Nursing Focus

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764201045004006openalex-snapshot

Hate Crimes Hurt More

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038510375737openalex-snapshot

Evaluating the Severity of Hate-motivated Violence: Intersectional Differences among LGBT Hate Crime Victims

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0094306111419111nnopenalex-snapshot

Disability Hate Crimes: Does Anyone Really Hate Disabled People?

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0264550507080373openalex-snapshot

The challenge of working with racially motivated offenders: An exercise in ambivalence?

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/026975801001700202openalex-snapshot

‘It's a Mosher Just Been Banged for No Reason’: Assessing Targeted Violence Against Goths and the Parameters of Hate Crime

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758011422472openalex-snapshot

Exploring the everyday world of hate victimization through community mediation

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758011422473openalex-snapshot

Difficulties in defining hate crime victimization

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758011422477openalex-snapshot

Policing hate crime in London and New York City

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396810362868openalex-snapshot

Foreign nationals, enemy penology and the criminal justice system

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/136248060200600406openalex-snapshot

Hate Crime: Criminal Law and Identity Politics

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480610383452openalex-snapshot

Reframing criminal victimization: Finding a place for vulnerability and resilience

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1466802504048656openalex-snapshot

Violence, identity and policing

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895806065532openalex-snapshot

Getting the message? ‘New’ Labour and the criminalization of ‘hate’

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781861349408.001.0001openalex-snapshot

'Hate crime' and the city

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2752/9781847888747openalex-snapshot

Goth

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.33972/jhs.47openalex-snapshot

Transgender and Transsexual Identities: The Next Strange Fruit—Hate Crimes, Violence and Genocide Against the Global Trans-Communities

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.33972/jhs.66openalex-snapshot

Crimes Against the "Other": Conceptual, Operational, and Empirical Challenges for Hate Studies

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446279694openalex-snapshot

Hate Crime: Impact, Causes and Responses

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506377209openalex-snapshot

Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674040014openalex-snapshot

Punishing Hate

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203118207-10openalex-snapshot

Crime, victimisation and vulnerability

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315712871openalex-snapshot

Handbook of Victims and Victimology

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4324/9781843926719-10openalex-snapshot

Rurality and racialised others: out of place in the countryside?

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5040/9798216972020.0057openalex-snapshot

THE SOCIOLOGY OF HATE: THEORETICAL APPROACHES

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.37-1828openalex-snapshot

Punishing hate: bias crimes under American law

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.39-1899openalex-snapshot

In the name of hate: understanding hate crimes

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.48-2999openalex-snapshot

Disability hate crimes: does anyone really hate disabled people?

What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2704306openalex-extracted

Forgotten Friends. ODIHR and Civil Society in the Struggle to Counter Hate Crime in Poland

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2918876openalex-extracted

Preventing Hate Crime

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3387479openalex-extracted

Participatory and Designerly Strategies for Sociolegal Research Impact: Lessons from Research Aimed at Making Hate Crime Visible

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3456633openalex-extracted

A Review of the Criminalisation of the Payment for Sexual Services in Northern Ireland

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2066openalex-snapshot

Injury resulting from targeted violence: An emergency department perspective

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-51829-3_3openalex-snapshot

Hate Harms

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-51829-3_4openalex-snapshot

Thinking Critically About Hate

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04930-0_3openalex-snapshot

“Scum of the Earth”: Animus and Violence Against Sex Offenders in Canadian Penitentiaries

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21317-6_1openalex-snapshot

Racism and Hate Crime: Its Historical Roots

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21317-6_5openalex-snapshot

Legislating Against Racially Aggravated Offending: From the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 to the Macpherson Report

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21317-6_9openalex-snapshot

Conclusion: Hate Crime—Brexit and Beyond

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28726-9_6openalex-snapshot

Disability Hate Crime: What Did We Already Know, What Is New?

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31997-7_2openalex-snapshot

Visible yet Invisible: Challenges Facing Hate Crime Victims

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31997-7_3openalex-snapshot

Relevant yet Irrelevant: Challenges Associated with Hate Crime Policy

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33362-1_3openalex-snapshot

County Lines in Context

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42288-2_8openalex-snapshot

Disablist Hate Crime: A Scar on the Conscience of the Criminal Justice System?

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42523-4_25openalex-snapshot

Local Security Governance in Vulnerable Residential Areas

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51577-5_1openalex-snapshot

Hate Crime Legislation and Jurisprudence

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65714-7_1openalex-snapshot

Introduction

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65714-7_2openalex-snapshot

Defining, Framing and Conceptualising Transphobic Hate Crime

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65714-7_3openalex-snapshot

Conceptualising ‘Micro-Crimes’

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65714-7_6openalex-snapshot

The Role of (In)Visibility in Hate Crime Victimisation

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65714-7_7openalex-snapshot

Concluding Thoughts

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79213-8_5openalex-snapshot

Hostile Environments: Life Within Privatised Dispersed Housing

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85493-5_2197-1openalex-snapshot

Manhood/Honor Culture and Its Impact on the Queer Community

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86818-5_1openalex-snapshot

Introduction

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86818-5_2openalex-snapshot

Disability Hate Crime and the Policy Landscape

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86818-5_4openalex-snapshot

Understanding and Debating the Concept of ‘Hate Crime’

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86949-6_2openalex-snapshot

What Is Hate Crime in the Context of Sex Work?

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86949-6_5openalex-snapshot

‘Everyday’ Hate Directed at Sex Workers

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98072-6openalex-snapshot

Towards Gender Equality in Law

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98072-6_12openalex-snapshot

Conclusion

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19020-9_2openalex-snapshot

A Framework to Analyse Hate Crime Law

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19020-9_4openalex-snapshot

Analysis of Italian Hate Crime Law

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19242-5_1openalex-snapshot

Introduction

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19242-5_2openalex-snapshot

Myth, Identity, Order

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24715-6_3openalex-snapshot

Development of the Self: Recognising Harm

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24715-6_4openalex-snapshot

Love

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24715-6_6openalex-snapshot

Respect

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24715-6_7openalex-snapshot

The Harms of Hate and Implications for the Future

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30522-1_1openalex-snapshot

Introduction

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35513-4_9openalex-snapshot

The Terror of Hate

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53801-8_1openalex-snapshot

Introduction: Making Anti-LGBT Hate a Crime in the Twenty-First Century

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-92666-2_5openalex-snapshot

Familiar Faces: Hate Relationships and the Everyday-ness of Hate Perpetration

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-92670-9_4openalex-snapshot

Mapping the Complexity of Hate Studies: Taking Stock and Moving Forward

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-99793-8_9openalex-snapshot

A Practical Guide to Understanding and Minimising Vulnerability Risks for Black Women in the Criminal Justice System

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51228-0_2openalex-snapshot

Problematising and Reconceptualising ‘Vulnerability’ in the Context of Disablist Violence

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-34398-9_9openalex-snapshot

„Ethnische Segregation“ als Risikofaktor für Sicherheit und Ordnung?

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64355-6_4openalex-snapshot

Hass – ein kollektives Phänomen in unserer digitalen Zeit

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-023-09557-7openalex-snapshot

Aporophobic and Homeless Victimisation—the Case of Ghent

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-022-10073-8openalex-snapshot

Hate in the time of the Covid-19 pandemic: dehumanisation as a side effect; re-humanisation as a remedy

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-018-09428-2openalex-snapshot

Muslim Victimization in the Contemporary US: Clarifying the Racialization Thesis

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-020-09514-4openalex-snapshot

Anatomy of Moral Panic: The “List of 88” and Runaway Constructionism

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-020-09515-3openalex-snapshot

The Permission to be Cruel: Street-Level Bureaucrats and Harms Against People Seeking Asylum

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-022-09900-xopenalex-snapshot

Hate Crimes: The legality and Practicality of Punishing Bias—A Socio-Legal Appraisal

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-023-09641-yopenalex-snapshot

Policing Hate Crime: Exploring the Issue with a Cohort of Sworn Police Officers

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-019-09368-5openalex-snapshot

The variable and evolving nature of ‘cuckooing’ as a form of criminal exploitation in street level drug markets

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.07.002openalex-snapshot

Migration, vulnerability and the complexity of violence: Experiences of documented non-EU migrants in Slovakia

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.07.001openalex-snapshot

A critical portrait of hate crime/incident reporting in North East England: The value of statistical data and the politics of recording in an age of austerity

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.02.024openalex-snapshot

Hatescape? A relational geography of disability hate crime, exclusion and belonging in the city

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.02.023openalex-snapshot

Neoliberal urbanism and disaster vulnerability on the Chilean central coast

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106352openalex-snapshot

Equity, recognition and prioritisation: police and practitioner understandings of climate vulnerability in emergency management

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2022.100574openalex-snapshot

How acts become hate crime: The police's documenting of criminal cases

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102581openalex-snapshot

Police bias units and hate crime reporting: Insights from the geocoded version of the National Crime Victimization Survey

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2020.21openalex-snapshot

Neglect, Marginalization, and Abuse: Hate Crime Legislation and Practice in the Labyrinth of Identity Politics, Minority Protection, and Penal Populism

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/s1474746416000592openalex-snapshot

Some Useful Sources

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-45620-5_10openalex-snapshot

“Rejected and Dejected”: The Impacts and Contexts of Islamophobic Violence

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52667-0_10openalex-snapshot

Hate Crime Legislation and Violence Against Sex Workers in Ireland: Lessons in Policy and Practice

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52667-0_11openalex-snapshot

The Challenges of Disablist Hate Crime

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52667-0_6openalex-snapshot

LGB and T? The Specificity of Anti-Transgender Hate Crime

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53236-7_8openalex-snapshot

Explaining Everyday Hate in a Multicultural Context

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53236-7_9openalex-snapshot

Future Directions for Research and Theory

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2021.1930094openalex-snapshot

The vicarious effects of hate: inter-ethnic hate crime in the neighborhood and its consequences for exclusion and anticipated rejection

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2015.1009000openalex-snapshot

‘Community fear and harassment’: learning difficulties and hate crime incidents in the north-east of England

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2018.1522244openalex-snapshot

‘If I were given the chance’: understanding the use of leisure time by adults with learning disabilities

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2019.1688646openalex-snapshot

Prejudice, friendship and the abuse of disabled people: an exploration into the concept of exploitative familiarity (‘mate crime’)

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2021.1928480openalex-snapshot

‘I may be left with no choice but to end my torment’: disability and intersectionalities of hate crime

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/10383441.2017.1436372openalex-snapshot

Punishment in a ‘tolerant society’: interrogating hate crime law reform discourse

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2016.1247418openalex-snapshot

Crime Victims’ Demographics Inconsistently Relate to Self-Reported Vulnerability

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2025.2475005openalex-snapshot

Punishing or regulating? US media attention to hate crime and speech

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2020.1828845openalex-snapshot

Individual and community-level predictors of hate-crime victimization among Finnish adolescents

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/13691457.2018.1508001openalex-snapshot

The contested concept of vulnerability – a literature review

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2022.2150750openalex-snapshot

Interrogating the deployment of ‘risk’ and ‘vulnerability’ in the context of early intervention initiatives to prevent child sexual exploitation

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2016.1152392openalex-snapshot

Hate-crimes as racial violence: a critique of the exceptional

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2024.2407922openalex-snapshot

Linguistic models of abusive language

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2019.1702607openalex-snapshot

Detecting weak and strong Islamophobic hate speech on social media

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2019.1685057openalex-snapshot

Designing hate crime reporting devices: An exploration of young LGBT+ people’s report needs

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1902643openalex-snapshot

What is a hate crime?

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2025.2474394openalex-snapshot

A qualitative analysis of English universities’ policies on addressing students’ experiences of hate crime and incidents

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197698655.003.0018openalex-snapshot

Theorizing Hate Crime

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197852668.003.0187openalex-snapshot

Disability and Hate

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azab061openalex-snapshot

The Hidden Harms of Prison Life for People with Learning Disabilities

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azac071openalex-snapshot

The Effect of the Brexit Vote on the Variation in Race and Religious Hate Crimes in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azae026openalex-snapshot

Policing Vulnerability: The Care and Control of Sex Workers Through Designated Police Officers

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaf014openalex-snapshot

‘I Feel Persecuted. It’s So Distressing and Upsetting, It Is All Too Much’. A Disablist Hate Crime Typology: Intimidation, Exploitation and Brutalization

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azt073openalex-snapshot

Victim Attributes in Hate Crime Law: Difference and the Politics of Justice

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azu018openalex-snapshot

‘F**king Freak! What the Hell Do You Think You Look Like?’

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azu043openalex-snapshot

Hate Crime Victimization in Wales

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azy010openalex-snapshot

Owning Risk: Sex Worker Subjectivities and the Reimagining of Vulnerability and Victimhood

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/police/pau038openalex-snapshot

Policing Diversity and Vulnerability in the Post-Macpherson Era: Unintended Consequences and Missed Opportunities

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/police/pax046openalex-snapshot

Defining Vulnerability: From the Conceptual to the Operational

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83662-686-220251014openalex-snapshot

References

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Do mates hate? A framing of the theoretical position of mate crime and an assessment of its practical impact

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Untapped employability skills of transgender people: examining links with antisocial elements in society

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A Socio-legal Analysis of Gender-based Victimization, Misogyny and the Hate Crime Paradigm in England and Wales

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Victimized again? intersectionality and injustice in disabled women’s lives after hate crime and rape

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Roma inclusion post Brexit: a challenge to existing rhetoric?

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Beyond empty promises? A reality check for hate crime scholarship and policy

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Gender ‘Hostility’, Rape, and the Hate Crime Paradigm

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The Dark Figure of Disablist Violence

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Troubling Vulnerability

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A Hauntology of Participatory Speculation

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Addressing Hate Crime in the 21st Century: Trends, Threats, and Opportunities for Intervention

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Unveiling Vulnerability Determinants Among Migrant‐Background Students: A Systematic Review

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Youth Perpetration of Biased Aggression and the Generality of Antisocial Behaviour

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Inequality and Caste-Based Crime in India

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‘It Felt Like a Little War’: Reflections on Violence against Alternative Subcultures

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Hate Studies: Looking Back, Driving Forward

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Understanding Fear of Hate Crime: The Roles of Vulnerability, Identity, and Social Cohesion

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Putting victims first? A critique of Coalition anti-social behaviour policy

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Protecting difference: A discussion on transphobic and homophobic hate crime in the Irish context

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The role of visibility for a minority’s exposure to (hate) crime and worry about crime – a study of the Traveller community

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Diversity and safety on campus @ Western: Heterosexism and cissexism in higher education

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To know or not to know: Should crimes regarding photographs of their child sexual abuse be disclosed to now-adult, unknowing victims?

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0269758019872903openalex-snapshot

‘Some men deeply hate women, and express that hatred freely’: Examining victims’ experiences and perceptions of gendered hate crime

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0269758019885676openalex-snapshot

Visibility and vulnerability: A mixed methodology approach to studying Roma individuals’ victimization experiences

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/02697580211037854openalex-snapshot

Critical hate studies: A new perspective

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/02697580231220389openalex-snapshot

To deny or dismantle? Responding to victims of targeted hostility in higher education

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/02697580241232436openalex-snapshot

Towards a multifactorial framework of the Roma’s victimisation: Discrimination, risky situations, and acceptance of violence as correlates of physical assault and harassment

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0306624x221102844openalex-snapshot

Flying Under the Radar: How Susceptible Are University Students to County Lines Victimization?

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0791603520939794openalex-snapshot

Not collateral damage: Trends in violence and hate crimes experienced by sex workers in the Republic of Ireland

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514548581openalex-snapshot

Re-Thinking Hate Crime

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514549197openalex-snapshot

Making a Home for the Homeless in Hate Crime Legislation

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517746131openalex-snapshot

For Whom Does Hate Crime Hurt More? A Comparison of Consequences of Victimization Across Motives and Crime Types

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518754872openalex-snapshot

Silent Victims in the Public Eye: Socially Vulnerable EU Citizens’ Exposure to Crime and Its Consequences

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0886260521990828openalex-snapshot

“Because I’ve Got a Learning Disability, They Don’t Take Me Seriously:” Violence, Wellbeing, and Devaluing People With Learning Disabilities

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221107056openalex-snapshot

Anti-Asian American Hate Crimes Spike During the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231165772openalex-snapshot

Experiences of Bias Victimization Among People With Intellectual Disabilities

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231191236openalex-snapshot

Assessment of Functional and Dysfunctional Perceived Threat of Hate Crimes Among Persons With and Without Disability

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231222683openalex-snapshot

Revisiting the Harm of Hate: A Quasi-Experimental Approach Using the National Crime Victimization Survey

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/08862605241229720openalex-snapshot

Prototypes of Hate and Expectations of the Model Victim

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/08862605241260005openalex-snapshot

Working “With” Not “On” Disabled People: The Role of Hate Crime Research within the Community

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/08862605241260008openalex-snapshot

Lost in Translation? Applying the Hate Crime Concept to an Indian Context

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/08862605241260015openalex-snapshot

Hidden Hate, Hidden Violence: Dismantling Myths and Identifying Fresh Challenges for Research and Policy

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/08862605251315778openalex-snapshot

Is the Victimization-Perpetration Association for School Bullying a Cycle of Bias?

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/08862605251368856openalex-snapshot

Why Does This Keep Happening? Assessing Theoretical Correlates Among Recurrent Victims Compared to Single and Non-Victims

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/08862605251399676openalex-snapshot

Hate Crime Victimization in the United States: A Comparative Analysis of Incidents Targeting Hispanics and Other Minority Groups

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/08862605261480135openalex-snapshot

Adolescent Experiences With Multiple Forms of Biased Victimization: A Typology of Bias Types in a Sample of Victims

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0887403415599641openalex-snapshot

Mind the Gap! Making Stronger Connections Between Hate Crime Policy and Scholarship

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0887403415601474openalex-snapshot

One Step Forward, Two Steps Backward? Difficulties and Dilemmas With Connecting Hate Crime Policy and Research

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/08874034221112847openalex-snapshot

A Contemporary Review of Hate Crime Legislation in the United States

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0964663914534459openalex-snapshot

The Hate Threshold

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0964663920949736openalex-snapshot

Enhancing Participatory Strategies With Designerly Ways for Sociolegal Impact: Lessons From Research Aimed at Making Hate Crime Visible

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/09646639211023974openalex-snapshot

Racist Victimization, Legal Estrangement and Resentful Reliance on the Police in Sweden

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/09646639231201912openalex-snapshot

The Politics of Policing Hate: Boundary Work, Social Inequalities, and Legitimacy

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/10887679231217112openalex-snapshot

The Gay and Trans Panic Defense: Focusing on the Homicides, Not the Court Room Strategy

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1360780418798848openalex-snapshot

New Directions in Hate Reporting Research: Agency, Heterogeneity and Relationality

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1360780418811967openalex-snapshot

‘I Will Not Be Thrown Out of the Country Because I’m an Immigrant’: Eastern European Migrants’ Responses to Hate Crime in a Semi-Rural Context in the Wake of Brexit

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/13607804211065052openalex-snapshot

Re-Conceptualising Repeat Reports of Hate Crime/Incidents as Hate Relationships Based on Coercive Control and Space for Action

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1362480613499792openalex-snapshot

The symbolic purpose of hate crime law: Ideal victims and emotion

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1362480615581102openalex-snapshot

Systematic racist violence in Russia between ‘hate crime’ and ‘ethnic conflict’

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1362480620911914openalex-snapshot

Gypsies’ and Travellers’ lived experience of harm: A critical hate studies perspective

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/13624806251355993openalex-snapshot

Conceptualizing hate crime as group oppression

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/14773708251333217openalex-snapshot

Hate crime offending among European youth: Prevalence and risk factors

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020979694openalex-snapshot

Is There Such a Thing as a Hate Crime Paradigm? An Integrative Review of Bias-Motivated Violent Victimization and Offending, Its Effects and Underlying Mechanisms

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/15248380241311873openalex-snapshot

Considering Sex/Gender-Based Violence as a Form of Hate: The Invisibility of Sex and Gender

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1748895817736096openalex-snapshot

Responding to hate crime: Escalating problems, continued failings

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1748895820930747openalex-snapshot

The role of (in)visibility in hate crime targeting transgender people

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/17488958241276180openalex-snapshot

‘I felt . . . caged’: Victims of hate crime and their negotiation of space

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/17488958241301966openalex-snapshot

Victims of religious hate crime: Victimisation of Muslims, Jews and Hindus compared

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/21533687251366413openalex-snapshot

“If It Isn’t White, It Isn’t Right”: A Qualitative Study Investigating People's Lay Theories and Stereotypes About Hate Crimes

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmen.0000082openalex-snapshot

Help-seeking in older crime victims: A mixed-methods study in collaboration with the Metropolitan Police Service

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204730openalex-snapshot

LGBT communities and substance use in Queensland, Australia: Perceptions of young people and community stakeholders

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.14201/azafea20212383106openalex-snapshot

Un delito en busca de justificación: la humillación o descrédito de colectivos discriminados

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1515/9783110799989-008openalex-snapshot

Chapter 5 Crimes against disabled people: Europe’s hidden history of hate

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1515/9783110799989-016openalex-snapshot

Chapter 13 Supporting victims of intersectional hate crime

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1515/9783110799989-020openalex-snapshot

Chapter 17 Addressing hate crime in the shadows of anti-discrimination criminal law

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.15388/crimlithuan.2022.10.6openalex-snapshot

Towards a Religion–Victimization Module for the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD) Context: Learning from Prior Exemplars

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.15476/elte.2024.282openalex-snapshot

A gyűlölet-bűncselekmények elleni fellépés lehetőségei és korlátai a 21. században – a globális kihívásoktól a lokális megoldásokig

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584-2019v27n357206openalex-snapshot

Hacia una reconceptualización del acoso callejero

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.17635/lancaster/thesis/529openalex-snapshot

The emergence and development of Disability Hate Crime policy and practice in England and Wales

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21428/cb6ab371.b599504fopenalex-snapshot

Hate Crime during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study of the Experiences of an Ethnically Diverse University Student Population

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.24834/2043/23985openalex-snapshot

Gatans tysta offer : En studie av socialt utsatta EU-medborgares utsatthet i det offentliga rummet

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.24834/2043/23988openalex-snapshot

Romers upplevelse av hatbrott

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.24834/2043/24837openalex-snapshot

Hate crime victimization : consequences and interpretations

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wpsjeopenalex-snapshot

Ideological measurement in social and political psychology

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/53yscopenalex-snapshot

How victims conceptualize their experiences of hate crime

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2024.1347803openalex-snapshot

Hate, crime and epistemic vulnerability: on sense-making and feelings of (un)safety among Danish Muslims

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.33972/jhs.161openalex-snapshot

LGBT Hate Crime: Promoting a Queer Agenda for Hate Crime Scholarship

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl.1798openalex-snapshot

Uso político de los delitos de odio en el contexto del procés independentista

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-2201-7.ch004openalex-snapshot

Empowering Communities

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v77i4.7053openalex-snapshot

A conversation with a stranger: Debunking religiosity and poverty in South Africa

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.4324/9780203578988openalex-snapshot

The Routledge International Handbook on Hate Crime

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.4324/9780429352775openalex-snapshot

Crime and Fear in Public Places

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v7i2.501openalex-snapshot

The Need for New Tools to Break the Silos: Identity Categories in Hate Speech Legislation

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5204/thesis.eprints.252784openalex-snapshot

Blaming Victims of Online Romance and Investment Frauds: An Analysis of Two Theoretical Perspectives

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.54332/krim.159720openalex-snapshot

Religion and Hate Victimisation among Youth: A Comprehensive Approach from Methodology to Theory and Practical Solutions

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.56397/jrssh.2024.01.09openalex-snapshot

Obstacles to Inclusive Disability Hate Crime Policy Process: Targeting the Cognitively Impaired Elderly Victim Group

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5771/9783845286242openalex-snapshot

Demokratie, Freiheit und Sicherheit

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.58464/2168-670x.1352openalex-snapshot

The intersection of cisgenderism and hate crime: learning from trans people's narratives

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