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Infection and transmission risks of COVID-19 in schools and their contribution to population infections in Germany: A retrospective observational study using nationwide and regional health and education agency notification data

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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.7319openalex-snapshot
Risk of Infection and Hospitalization Among Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Children and Adolescents in New York After the Emergence of the Omicron Variant
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.27168openalex-snapshot
Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among Students, Teachers, and Household Members During Lockdown and Split Classes in Berlin, Germany
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.35975openalex-snapshot
Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Among Children in School and Day Care in Montreal, Canada
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.5840openalex-snapshot
School Closures During Social Lockdown and Mental Health, Health Behaviors, and Well-being Among Children and Adolescents During the First COVID-19 Wave
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd013574openalex-snapshot
Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID-19: a rapid review
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd013574.pub2openalex-snapshot
Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID-19: a rapid review
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd013812openalex-snapshot
Measures implemented in the school setting to contain the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid scoping review
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd015029openalex-snapshot
Measures implemented in the school setting to contain the COVID-19 pandemic
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-022-00938-6openalex-snapshot
Age-specific contribution of contacts to transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Germany
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100086openalex-snapshot
Prevalence of RT-qPCR-detected SARS-CoV-2 infection at schools: First results from the Austrian School-SARS-CoV-2 prospective cohort study
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100092openalex-snapshot
A cross-sectional and prospective cohort study of the role of schools in the SARS-CoV-2 second wave in Italy
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100278openalex-snapshot
Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant on incubation, transmission settings and vaccine effectiveness: Results from a nationwide case-control study in France
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30567-5openalex-snapshot
How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01908-5openalex-snapshot
A cluster randomised trial of the impact of a policy of daily testing for contacts of COVID-19 cases on attendance and COVID-19 transmission in English secondary schools and colleges
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30882-3openalex-snapshot
SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in educational settings: a prospective, cross-sectional analysis of infection clusters and outbreaks in England
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00138-4openalex-snapshot
Screening and vaccination against COVID-19 to minimise school closure: a modelling study
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30116-9openalex-snapshot
Considering inequalities in the school closure response to COVID-19
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821002077openalex-snapshot
Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in educational institutions, August to December 2020, Germany
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26013-4openalex-snapshot
Understanding the effectiveness of government interventions against the resurgence of COVID-19 in Europe
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmms2024920openalex-snapshot
Reopening Primary Schools during the Pandemic
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp2005638openalex-snapshot
Feeding Low-Income Children during the Covid-19 Pandemic
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.1998.10480550openalex-snapshot
Approximate is Better than “Exact” for Interval Estimation of Binomial Proportions
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab237openalex-snapshot
High Infection Secondary Attack Rates of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Dutch Households Revealed by Dense Sampling
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaa158openalex-snapshot
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 Transmission in an Urban Community: The Role of Children and Household Contacts
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.15.20248244openalex-snapshot
REACT-1 round 7 updated report: regional heterogeneity in changes in prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the second national COVID-19 lockdown in England
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.18.21251973openalex-snapshot
REACT-1 round 9 interim report: downward trend of SARS-CoV-2 in England in February 2021 but still at high prevalence
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd9338openalex-snapshot
Inferring the effectiveness of government interventions against COVID-19
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n616openalex-snapshot
Clustering and longitudinal change in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in school children in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland: prospective cohort study of 55 schools
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052690openalex-snapshot
Risk of infection and contribution to transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in school staff: a systematic review
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01640-8openalex-snapshot
Ethnic and socioeconomic differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection: prospective cohort study using UK Biobank
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-054268iopenalex-snapshot
Masking Adherence in K–12 Schools and SARS-CoV-2 Secondary Transmission
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7021e1openalex-snapshot
Mask Use and Ventilation Improvements to Reduce COVID-19 Incidence in Elementary Schools — Georgia, November 16–December 11, 2020
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7110e1openalex-snapshot
SARS-CoV-2 Incidence in K–12 School Districts with Mask-Required Versus Mask-Optional Policies — Arkansas, August–October 2021
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.17886/rki-gbe-2017-048.2openalex-snapshot
Regional health differences – developing a socioeconomic deprivation index for Germany
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.25646/7056openalex-snapshot
Sozioökonomische Ungleichheit im Infektionsrisiko mit SARS-CoV-2 – Erste Ergebnisse einer Analyse der Meldedaten für Deutschland
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.25646/8942openalex-snapshot
Beschluss der STIKO zur 9. Aktualisierung der COVID-19-Impfempfehlung und die dazugehörige wissenschaftliche Begründung
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.25646/9787openalex-snapshot
Zweite Aktualisierung der „Retrospektiven Phaseneinteilung der COVID-19- Pandemie in Deutschland“
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.36.2001587openalex-snapshot
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in children aged 0 to 19 years in childcare facilities and schools after their reopening in May 2020, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.38.2001645openalex-snapshot
Surveillance of COVID-19 school outbreaks, Germany, March to August 2020
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.28.2001401openalex-snapshot
Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 in Europe in 2020: a quasi-experimental non-equivalent group and time series design study
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.34.2100184openalex-snapshot
SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in school settings during the second COVID-19 wave: a cross-sectional study, Berlin, Germany, November 2020
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0364openalex-snapshot
SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Germany
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e63openalex-snapshot
Geospatial Analysis of Age-specific SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Patterns in Households, Korea
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.708694openalex-snapshot
COVID-19 Outbreaks in Settings With Precarious Housing Conditions in Germany: Challenges and Lessons Learned
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090728openalex-snapshot
COVID-19 Associated Contact Restrictions in Germany: Marked Decline in Children’s Outpatient Visits for Infectious Diseases without Increasing Visits for Mental Health Disorders

What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4669162openalex-extracted
NVX-CoV2373 Efficacy in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Adolescents
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd015397.pub2openalex-snapshot
Unintended consequences of measures implemented in the school setting to contain the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56794-0_4openalex-snapshot
Modeling Household Effects in Epidemics
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-06810-1_14openalex-snapshot
Qualitative Survey of Austrian Schoolteachers’ Attitudes to Classroom Ventilation in Wintertime
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-024-02218-xopenalex-snapshot
Assessing the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: results of a natural experiment regarding Baden-Württemberg (Germany) and Switzerland in the second infection wave
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-022-00938-6openalex-snapshot
Age-specific contribution of contacts to transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Germany
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s44230-023-00049-9openalex-snapshot
Machine Learning-Based Screening Solution for COVID-19 Cases Investigation: Socio-Demographic and Behavioral Factors Analysis and COVID-19 Detection
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114635openalex-snapshot
More than a feeling? Impact of face masks on cardiorespiratory parameters and microclimate under the mask in school-aged children
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100077openalex-snapshot
CO2 levels and SARS-CoV-2 transmission in public schools: A retrospective cohort study in Montreal (Canada)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.100984openalex-snapshot
Vaccine efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 against SARS-CoV-2 infection in adolescents in the USA: an ancillary study to a phase 3, observer-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57087-zopenalex-snapshot
Assessing the role of children in the COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium using perturbation analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-61925-5openalex-snapshot
Evolving infectious disease dynamics shape school-based intervention effectiveness
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-66719-3openalex-snapshot
The relative contribution of close-proximity contacts, shared classroom exposure and indoor air quality to respiratory virus transmission in schools
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73344-1openalex-snapshot
Counterfactual evaluation of elementary and secondary school policies in the COVID-19 pandemic
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000004733openalex-snapshot
Child Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Throughout the Pandemic: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1097/ipc.0000000000001297openalex-snapshot
The Role of Children in the Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, a Shifting Paradigm
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2025.08.18.25333891openalex-snapshot
The relative contribution of close-proximity contacts, shared classroom exposure and indoor air quality to respiratory virus transmission in schools.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14431openalex-snapshot
Pandemic preparedness: On the efficacy of non‐pharmaceutical interventions in COVID‐19 and about approaches to predict future pandemic viruses
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/josh.70039openalex-snapshot
Infection Control Measures in the Classroom During and in the Aftermath of the COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Multidimensional Analysis of Secondary Student Well‐Being and Emotions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q491openalex-snapshot
What we did not learn at the covid inquiry in Scotland: a gap analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-10917-3openalex-snapshot
Changes in social contact patterns in Germany during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic – an analysis based on the COVIMOD study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14906-yopenalex-snapshot
When schools were open for in-person teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic - the nordic experience on control measures and transmission in schools during the delta wave
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-17121-5openalex-snapshot
Association of known SARS-CoV-2 serostatus and adherence to personal protection measures and the impact of personal protective measures on seropositivity in a population-based cross-sectional study (MuSPAD) in Germany
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20296-0openalex-snapshot
“Empathy for children is often missing”: a mixed methods analysis of a German forum on COVID-19 pandemic measures
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-24327-2openalex-snapshot
Risk assessment of communicable respiratory diseases transmission based on social contact networks: a primary school contact data survey conducted with portable high-precision devices
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0002800openalex-snapshot
Airborne transmission risks of tuberculosis and COVID-19 in schools in South Africa, Switzerland, and Tanzania: Modeling of environmental data
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004226openalex-snapshot
SARS-CoV-2 transmission with and without mask wearing or air cleaners in schools in Switzerland: A modeling study of epidemiological, environmental, and molecular data
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286642openalex-snapshot
Medical education during the Covid-19 pandemic long-term experiences of German clinical medical students
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305195openalex-snapshot
Implementation and effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions, including mask mandates and ventilation, on SARS-CoV-2 transmission (alpha variant) in primary schools in the Netherlands
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1553/p-5pn2-fmn8openalex-snapshot
Parsimonious stochastic forecasting of international and internal migration on the NUTS-3 level – an outlook of regional depopulation trends in Germany
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.114200openalex-snapshot
Transmission patterns between age groups and different proximities during the COVID-19 pandemic in South-West Germany: a retrospective analysis of contact tracing data. (Preprint)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1354786openalex-snapshot
Seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the school community in Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, October 2021–November 2022
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/children10101598openalex-snapshot
Atopy and Elevation of IgE, IgG3, and IgG4 May Be Risk Factors for Post COVID-19 Condition in Children and Adolescents
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22030394openalex-snapshot
Trends in the Use of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions in Schools During the COVID-19 Pandemic, February 2021 to December 2023: A Mixed Methods Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.36128/priw.vi44.603openalex-snapshot
Enabling Society 5.0 through COVID-19 Digital Transformation, New Data Ecosystems, and Sustainability. Post-pandemic Legal Reflections
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.57260/csdj.2026.287786openalex-snapshot
Social Health Innovation and Emergency Preparedness in Universities: An Evaluation of Perceived Public Health Crisis Management Capacity in Guangxi, China
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24586014openalex-snapshot
Additional file 1 of Association of known SARS-CoV-2 serostatus and adherence to personal protection measures and the impact of personal protective measures on seropositivity in a population-based cross-sectional study (MuSPAD) in Germany
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