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Human Activity Helps Prey Win the Predator-Prey Space Race

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017050

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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

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HUMAN ACTIVITY MEDIATES A TROPHIC CASCADE CAUSED BY WOLVES

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ELK ALTER HABITAT SELECTION AS AN ANTIPREDATOR RESPONSE TO WOLVES

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What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

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Changing patterns of conflict between humans, carnivores and crop-raiding prey as large carnivores recolonize human-dominated landscapes

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109888openalex-snapshot

Testing umbrella species and food-web properties of large carnivores in the Rocky Mountains

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2026.111718openalex-snapshot

The landscape of no worries? Increased recreation exposure decreases the landscape of human fear in wildlife

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2026.111742openalex-snapshot

Spatiotemporal relationships between mammal habitat suitability and recreational hiking intensity in Xiaowutaishan National Nature Reserve, China

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2026.111861openalex-snapshot

Human shield: a context-dependent strategy of roe deer in an alpine human-dominated landscape

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107091openalex-snapshot

Landscape-level changes to large mammal space use in response to a pastoralist incursion

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2025.111197openalex-snapshot

The return of the Caracal Caracal caracal: 56 Years of Population Changes in Israel

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.fooweb.2016.09.003openalex-snapshot

Trophic cascades and dingoes in Australia: Does the Yellowstone wolf–elk–willow model apply?

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.fooweb.2017.03.001openalex-snapshot

Roles for the Canidae in food webs reviewed: Where do they fit?

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.fooweb.2023.e00288openalex-snapshot

‘The human shield effect’: Human-wildlife co-occurrence patterns in the coffee forests of southwestern Ethiopia

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.04.057openalex-snapshot

Effects of forest roads on oak trees via cervid habitat use and browsing

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117585openalex-snapshot

A nutritional mechanism underpinning folivore occurrence in disturbed forests

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119451openalex-snapshot

Ecological drivers of selection for remnant forest habitats by an insectivorous bat in a tropical, human-modified landscape

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2023.120910openalex-snapshot

Not all roads are barriers: Large mammals use logging roads in a timber concession of south-eastern Cameroon

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2024.121911openalex-snapshot

Use of linear features by mammal predators and prey in managed boreal forests

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01186openalex-snapshot

Cougar roadside habitat selection: Incorporating topography and traffic

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01295openalex-snapshot

How does human disturbance affect brood parasitism and nest predation in hosts inhabiting a highly fragmented landscape?

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01602openalex-snapshot

Temporal activity shift in arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in response to human disturbance

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01772openalex-snapshot

Large carnivore response to human road use suggests a landscape of coexistence

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01899openalex-snapshot

What factors relate with the activity synchronization intensity among big cats and their ungulate prey in Northeast China?

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02089openalex-snapshot

Compensatory human and predator risk trade-offs in neonatal white-tailed deer

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02127openalex-snapshot

Species differences in temporal response to urbanization alters predator-prey and human overlap in northern Utah

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02355openalex-snapshot

Shifts in diel activity of Rocky Mountain mammal communities in response to anthropogenic disturbance and sympatric invasive white-tailed deer

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03017openalex-snapshot

Anthropogenic activities influence spatiotemporal patterns of predator-prey interactions

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03754openalex-snapshot

The impact of livestock guarding dogs on gazelles and jackals in the Golan Heights

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03994openalex-snapshot

Hunting shapes wildlife behavioural responses to non-lethal recreational activities in a protected area

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.107050openalex-snapshot

Anthropogenic activities and age class mediate carnivore habitat selection in a human-dominated landscape

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.08.009openalex-snapshot

Think globally, act locally: Current understanding and future directions for nature-based tourism research in Sri Lanka

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125815openalex-snapshot

Wildlife response to recreational trail building: An experimental method and Appalachian case study

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2024.126755openalex-snapshot

Effects of human disturbance on the distribution and abundance of large mammals in Abijata-Shalla Lakes National Park, Ethiopia

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127131openalex-snapshot

Walk the trail or avoid people? Effects of hiking activity on the spatiotemporal habitat use of carnivores in low mountainous areas, northeastern Japan

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2024.100808openalex-snapshot

Measuring the human-dimension of outdoor recreation and its impacts on terrestrial wildlife

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.06.001openalex-snapshot

Examining the occurrence of mammal species in natural areas within a rapidly urbanizing region of Texas, USA

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104725openalex-snapshot

Raptors in the city: Site occupancy and abundance of a top predator inhabiting urban green spaces within a megacity

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2025.11.016openalex-snapshot

The impact of human shields in autonomous and non-autonomous prey–predator models with modified Cosner functional response

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.08.010openalex-snapshot

What attracts elk onto cattle pasture? Implications for inter-species disease transmission

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104846openalex-snapshot

Integrating livestock management and telemetry data to assess disease transmission risk between wildlife and livestock

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156222openalex-snapshot

Recreation reduces tick density through fine-scale risk effects on deer space-use

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170859openalex-snapshot

Association of size, climatic factors, and mercury body burdens with movement behavior in American alligators

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605321001472openalex-snapshot

A before−after assessment of the response of mammals to tourism in a Brazilian national park

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/s0266467422000189openalex-snapshot

Spatiotemporal co-occurrence of predators and prey in a neotropical mammal community in southern Mexico

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892916000217openalex-snapshot

Wildlife habitat selection on landscapes with industrial disturbance

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0711-3openalex-snapshot

Migratory coupling between predators and prey

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03853-zopenalex-snapshot

Urban conservation hotspots: predation release allows the grassland-specialist burrowing owl to perform better in the city

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48325-8openalex-snapshot

Land Use Change Increases Wildlife Parasite Diversity in Anamalai Hills, Western Ghats, India

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65385-3openalex-snapshot

Influences of landscape change and winter severity on invasive ungulate persistence in the Nearctic boreal forest

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80344-8openalex-snapshot

Urban life promotes delayed dispersal and family living in a non-social bird species

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12312-3openalex-snapshot

Intolerant baboons avoid observer proximity, creating biased inter-individual association patterns

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15001-3openalex-snapshot

Cumulative effects of widespread landscape change alter predator–prey dynamics

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-05870-xopenalex-snapshot

Immunogenetic-pathogen networks shrink in Tome’s spiny rat, a generalist rodent inhabiting disturbed landscapes

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1071/9781486300402.part01openalex-snapshot

Camera trapping for animal monitoring

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1071/mf12024openalex-snapshot

The ecological importance of intact top-predator populations: a synthesis of 15 years of research in a seagrass ecosystem

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1071/wr20059openalex-snapshot

Red deer allocate vigilance differently in response to spatio-temporal patterns of risk from human hunters and wolves

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1071/wr23043openalex-snapshot

The impact of wild boars on the temporal resource utilisation of silver pheasants in South China

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1071/wr25015openalex-snapshot

Increased wildlife activity associated with tourism-related disturbances at a wilderness World Heritage area

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2013.792022openalex-snapshot

Heterogeneity among Rural Resident Attitudes Toward Wolves

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/17518369.2017.1327300openalex-snapshot

Snowmobile impact on diurnal behaviour in the Arctic fox

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2021.1927129openalex-snapshot

The Loop Trail “Quest”: Use of a Choice-based Digital Simulation, An Interactive Video, and a Booklet to Communicate and Analyze Decision-making of Park Visitors

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2017.1292756openalex-snapshot

Effects of human traffic on use of trails by mammals in lowland forest of eastern Ecuador

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780191996665.003.0007openalex-snapshot

Cumulative Costs of Carnivore Behavioural Responses to Humans

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780191996665.003.0008openalex-snapshot

Quantifying Anthropogenic Risk Effects on Carnivores

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780191996665.003.0011openalex-snapshot

The Trait-Mediated Indirect Effects of Human Interaction

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab150openalex-snapshot

Mesopredators retain their fear of humans across a development gradient

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arac032openalex-snapshot

Short-term social dynamics following anthropogenic and natural disturbances in a free-living mammal

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru134openalex-snapshot

Behavioral responses of wolves to roads: scale-dependent ambivalence

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru158openalex-snapshot

Landscape and anthropogenic features influence the use of auditory vigilance by mule deer

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz145openalex-snapshot

Human recreation reduces clutch size in great tits Parus major regardless of risk-taking personality

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zox031openalex-snapshot

Wolf predation on wild ungulates: how slope and habitat cover influence the localization of kill sites

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaf028openalex-snapshot

Influence of environmental factors on predation rate for Bactrocera dorsalis on a tropical island

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa001openalex-snapshot

Anthropogenic Change Alters Ecological Relationships via Interactive Changes in Stress Physiology and Behavior within and among Organisms

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/ieaa073openalex-snapshot

A Beginner’s Guide to Collecting Questing Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): A Standardized Tick Dragging Protocol

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyag076openalex-snapshot

Behavioral stages interact with intrinsic and extrinsic factors to shape White-tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) neonate mortality

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyz101openalex-snapshot

Effects of human-induced disturbances and weather on herbivore movement

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juaa007openalex-snapshot

Spatial ecology of copperhead snakes (Agkistrodon contortrix) in response to urban park trails

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.211742openalex-snapshot

Predator or provider? How wild animals respond to mixed messages from humans

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1483openalex-snapshot

Human selection of elk behavioural traits in a landscape of fear

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1625openalex-snapshot

Paws without claws? Ecological effects of large carnivores in anthropogenic landscapes

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0433openalex-snapshot

Fear of the human ‘super predator’ reduces feeding time in large carnivores

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.2874openalex-snapshot

Body mass mediates spatio-temporal responses of mammals to human frequentation across Italian protected areas

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2025.2890openalex-snapshot

A disrupted human shield: the COVID lockdown alters carnivore dynamics in favour of a dominant competitor

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.09.143222openalex-snapshot

Temporal refuges differ between anthropogenic and natural top down pressures in a subordinate carnivore

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.07.674752openalex-snapshot

Human shields alter antipredator behavior in Guenther’s dik-dik ( Madoqua guentheri )

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12055openalex-snapshot

Male reproductive strategy explains spatiotemporal segregation in brown bears

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12093openalex-snapshot

Multi‐trophic resource selection function enlightens the behavioural game between wolves and their prey

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12760openalex-snapshot

Nowhere to hide: Effects of linear features on predator–prey dynamics in a large mammal system

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13130openalex-snapshot

Corridors or risk? Movement along, and use of, linear features varies predictably among large mammal predator and prey species

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13264openalex-snapshot

Zooming in on mechanistic predator–prey ecology: Integrating camera traps with experimental methods to reveal the drivers of ecological interactions

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13892openalex-snapshot

The influence of human activity on predator–prey spatiotemporal overlap

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13976openalex-snapshot

Rain, recreation and risk: Human activity and ecological disturbance create seasonal risk landscapes for the prey of an ambush predator

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.14034openalex-snapshot

Livestock activity shifts large herbivore temporal distributions to their crepuscular edges

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12658openalex-snapshot

Caribou avoiding wolves face increased predation by bears – C aught between S cylla and C harybdis

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12700openalex-snapshot

Does hunting or hiking affect wildlife communities in protected areas?

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12732openalex-snapshot

Faster and farther: wolf movement on linear features and implications for hunting behaviour

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13385openalex-snapshot

Urbanization focuses carnivore activity in remaining natural habitats, increasing species interactions

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14401openalex-snapshot

Multi‐level thresholds of residential and agricultural land use for elk avoidance across the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14602openalex-snapshot

Wolves recolonize novel ecosystems leading to novel interactions

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14837openalex-snapshot

Integrating human trail use in montane landscapes reveals larger zones of human influence for wary carnivores

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.70031openalex-snapshot

Movement‐integrated habitat selection reveals wolves balance ease of travel with human avoidance in a risk–reward trade‐off

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.70293openalex-snapshot

Forest harvest and natural stressors compound to reduce juvenile ungulate survival

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12526openalex-snapshot

Wavelet methods reveal big cat activity patterns and synchrony of activity with preys

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12928openalex-snapshot

Is the Decreasing Availability of Agricultural Land Forcing the Barbary Partridge to Nest Close to Human Infrastructure?

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12935openalex-snapshot

Effects of Livestock Grazing on Spatiotemporal Interactions Between Snow Leopards and Ungulate Prey

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12660openalex-snapshot

Predictive modelling of ecological patterns along linear‐feature networks

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12214openalex-snapshot

Study design and body mass influence RAIs from camera trap studies: evidence from the F elidae

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12548openalex-snapshot

Fitness effects of ecotourism on an endangered carnivore

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12629openalex-snapshot

An applied ecology of fear framework: linking theory to conservation practice

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/acv.70071openalex-snapshot

Weekend Overload: Day‐to‐Day Fluctuations of Outdoor Recreation Affect Wild Mammals' Space‐Use in a Popular Forest Reserve Near Florence, Italy

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