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EquiFACS: The Equine Facial Action Coding System
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What this work says
Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21401openalex-snapshot
Brief communication: MaqFACS: A muscle‐based facial movement coding system for the rhesus macaque
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.21355openalex-snapshot
Evolution of the Muscles of Facial Expression in a Monogamous Ape: Evaluating the Relative Influences of Ecological and Phylogenetic Factors in Hylobatids
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.10093openalex-snapshot
Muscles of facial expression in Otolemur, with a comparison to Lemuroidea
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-012-9611-6openalex-snapshot
GibbonFACS: A Muscle-Based Facial Movement Coding System for Hylobatids
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-012-9652-xopenalex-snapshot
OrangFACS: A Muscle-Based Facial Movement Coding System for Orangutans (Pongo spp.)
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-006-0017-zopenalex-snapshot
A Cross-species Comparison of Facial Morphology and Movement in Humans and Chimpanzees Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(92)90092-wopenalex-snapshot
Visual acuity in the horse
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(89)90118-4openalex-snapshot
A natural history of domesticated mammals
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.04.011openalex-snapshot
Effects of cow–calf separation on visible eye white and behaviour in dairy cows—A brief report
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.040openalex-snapshot
Social Cognitive Evolution in Captive Foxes Is a Correlated By-Product of Experimental Domestication
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.023openalex-snapshot
The eyes and ears are visual indicators of attention in domestic horses
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.02.003openalex-snapshot
Assessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their welfare
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.10.011openalex-snapshot
Development of a composite orthopaedic pain scale in horses
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(03)70087-2openalex-snapshot
A Practical Field Guide to Horse Behavior: The Equid Ethogram
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.121.4.398openalex-snapshot
Perceived differences between chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and human (Homo sapiens) facial expressions are related to emotional interpretation.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.172openalex-snapshot
Classifying chimpanzee facial expressions using muscle action.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0974openalex-snapshot
Children, but not chimpanzees, have facial correlates of determination
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1963.tb01161.xopenalex-snapshot
On aims and methods of Ethology
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1984.tb01352.xopenalex-snapshot
A Quantitative Analysis of Facial Expression in the Plains Zebra
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00523.xopenalex-snapshot
Muscles of facial expression in the chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ): descriptive, comparative and phylogenetic contexts
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01111.xopenalex-snapshot
On the origin, homologies and evolution of primate facial muscles, with a particular focus on hominoids and a suggested unifying nomenclature for the facial muscles of the Mammalia
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01113.xopenalex-snapshot
Facial musculature in the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta): evolutionary and functional contexts with comparisons to chimpanzees and humans
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1958.tb05872.xopenalex-snapshot
ANATOMY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1989.tb05668.xopenalex-snapshot
Comparison of detomidine, butorphanol, flunixin meglumine and xylazine in clinical cases of equine colic
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03837.xopenalex-snapshot
Horse vision and an explanation for the visual behaviour originally explained by the ‘ramp retina’
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072702openalex-snapshot
The Domestication of Social Cognition in Dogs
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1103617openalex-snapshot
Human Amygdala Responsivity to Masked Fearful Eye Whites
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1168594openalex-snapshot
The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073912451503openalex-snapshot
Facial Expression in Nonhuman Animals
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082686openalex-snapshot
Paedomorphic Facial Expressions Give Dogs a Selective Advantage
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092281openalex-snapshot
Development of the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) as a Pain Assessment Tool in Horses Undergoing Routine Castration
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1511/1999.2.160openalex-snapshot
Early Canid Domestication: The Farm-Fox Experiment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1511/1999.20.813openalex-snapshot
Early Canid Domestication: The Farm-Fox Experiment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483381411.n178openalex-snapshot
Facial Action Coding System
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10288openalex-snapshot
Our face from fish to man; a portrait gallery of our ancient ancestors and kinsfolk together with a concise history of our best features
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.56992openalex-snapshot
The anatomy of the domestic animals /
What points at this work
Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.
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Functional and Morphological Differences in the Play Face and Full Play Face in Lowland Gorillas, a Hominid Species: Implications for the Evolutionary Roots of Smile and Laugh Face
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The design of error-correcting output codes based deep forest for the micro-expression recognition
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Introduction to measuring emotions in the face
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A review of motion retargeting techniques for 3D character facial animation
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Do Different Emotional States Affect the Horse Grimace Scale Score? A Pilot Study
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Cross-modal perception of human emotion in domestic horses (Equus caballus)
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Domestic horses (Equus caballus) discriminate between negative and positive human nonverbal vocalisations
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Horses discriminate between facial expressions of conspecifics
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More than a Feeling
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Functionally relevant responses to human facial expressions of emotion in the domestic horse ( Equus caballus )
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Exploring emotional expression in invertebrates: mechanisms, functions and phylogeny
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Automatic Pain Estimation in Equine Faces: More Effective Uses for Regions of Interest
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Dynamics Are Important for the Recognition of Equine Pain in Video
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Read My Ears! Horse Ear Movement Detection for Equine Affective State Assessment
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Automatic Pain Detection on Horse and Donkey Faces
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Toward Affective XAI: Facial Affect Analysis for Understanding Explainable Human-AI Interactions
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Facial Image-Based Automatic Assessment of Equine Pain
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Equine Pain Behavior Classification via Self-Supervised Disentangled Pose Representation
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Nerve entry points in the mimic musculature of the horse head
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/aman.13631openalex-snapshot
Knowing Animals: Multispecies Ethnography and the Scope of Anthropology
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Consensus report from the Havemeyer Working Group Meetings on Equine Pain Assessment
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History, Rest and Exercise Score ( HRE‐S ) for assessment of disease severity in horses with trigeminal‐mediated headshaking
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Technologies for equine welfare and performance monitoring under field conditions – Where do we stand?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/gbb.12544openalex-snapshot
Understanding others: Emotion recognition in humans and other animals
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12440openalex-snapshot
Social variables exert selective pressures in the evolution and form of primate mimetic musculature
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1136/inp.j4000openalex-snapshot
Using acupuncture to treat pain in horses
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3804499openalex-snapshot
Pose-Based Facial Animation Retargeting
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Perception of emotional valence in horse whinnies
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Goats distinguish between positive and negative emotion-linked vocalisations
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A review of pain behaviour assessment scales in horses
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137818openalex-snapshot
Correction: EquiFACS: The Equine Facial Action Coding System
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164017openalex-snapshot
Are Eyes a Mirror of the Soul? What Eye Wrinkles Reveal about a Horse’s Emotional State
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166446openalex-snapshot
Facial Indicators of Positive Emotions in Rats
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Are horses capable of mirror self-recognition? A pilot study
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A standardised equine-based welfare assessment tool used for six years in low and middle income countries
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Effect of work on body language of ranch horses in Brazil
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231608openalex-snapshot
Equine Facial Action Coding System for determination of pain-related facial responses in videos of horses
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241532openalex-snapshot
Effect of transportation and social isolation on facial expressions of healthy horses
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245117openalex-snapshot
Extending the MaqFACS to measure facial movement in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) reveals a wide repertoire potential
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251909openalex-snapshot
Development and validation of the facial scale (FaceSed) to evaluate sedation in horses
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258672openalex-snapshot
Pain assessment in horses using automatic facial expression recognition through deep learning-based modeling
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263854openalex-snapshot
Sharing pain: Using pain domain transfer for video recognition of low grade orthopedic pain in horses
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266442openalex-snapshot
CalliFACS: The common marmoset Facial Action Coding System
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286045openalex-snapshot
Horse behavior and facial movements in relation to food rewards
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302893openalex-snapshot
Automated recognition of emotional states of horses from facial expressions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0308790openalex-snapshot
GorillaFACS: The Facial Action Coding System for the Gorilla spp.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309474openalex-snapshot
Social facilitation of trotting: Can horses perceive and adapt to the movement of another horse?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0314896openalex-snapshot
Examining Mammalian facial behavior using Facial Action Coding Systems (FACS) and combinatorics
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0319315openalex-snapshot
Characterisation of facial expressions and behaviours of horses in response to positive and negative emotional anticipation using network analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323649openalex-snapshot
Auditory enrichment on facial and physiological responses of Pantaneiro geldings and mares under short-term stress
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0328430openalex-snapshot
Exploring the association between stress-related hormonal changes, behaviours and facial movements after an interval training exercise in French Standardbred
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0347571openalex-snapshot
Social enrichment mitigates facial expressions and physiological indicators of short-term stress in horses
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.14324/111.444.2041-9015.1381openalex-snapshot
Looking for Realism: Neo-Assyrian Horses Through the Prism of Reality
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.14573/altex.1607161openalex-snapshot
Facial expression: An under-utilised tool for the assessment of welfare in mammals
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.15135/2019.7.2.1-19openalex-snapshot
Epistemisches Vertrauen in der Mensch -Tier - Mensch Relation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.17759/sps.2016070310openalex-snapshot
IPPO training: socio-psychological training with horses
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2844068/v1openalex-snapshot
Differences in behavior, facial expressions and locomotion between positive anticipation and frustration in horses
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21836/pem20220605openalex-snapshot
Automated video data analysis (optical flow) for the recognition of pain intensity in horses with colic
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21836/pem20230405openalex-snapshot
Intra- and interobserver agreement study of a grading system for behavioural observation in ridden sports horses
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17005openalex-snapshot
Discriminating spontaneous locomotor play of dairy calves using accelerometers
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31893/jabb.20031openalex-snapshot
Neurological modulation of facial expressions in pigs and implications for production
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fetho.2025.1686756openalex-snapshot
Navigating the nuances of studying animal facial behaviors with Facial Action Coding Systems
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02131openalex-snapshot
Where Do We Stand in the Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris) Positive-Emotion Assessment: A State-of-the-Art Review and Future Directions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00154openalex-snapshot
Sex and Age Don't Matter, but Breed Type Does—Factors Influencing Eye Wrinkle Expression in Horses
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00162openalex-snapshot
Elevated Sensitivity to Tactile Stimuli in Stereotypic Horses
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.676888openalex-snapshot
Using the Judgment Bias Task to Identify Behavioral Indicators of Affective State: Do Eye Wrinkles in Horses Reflect Mood?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.656833openalex-snapshot
Integrative Model of Human-Animal Interactions: A One Health–One Welfare Systemic Approach to Studying HAI
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1436795openalex-snapshot
From facial expressions to algorithms: a narrative review of animal pain recognition technologies
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1716633openalex-snapshot
Faces of time: a historical overview of rapid innovations in coding animal facial signals
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020354openalex-snapshot
Monitoring Acute Pain in Donkeys with the Equine Utrecht University Scale for Donkeys Composite Pain Assessment (EQUUS-DONKEY-COMPASS) and the Equine Utrecht University Scale for Donkey Facial Assessment of Pain (EQUUS-DONKEY-FAP)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040572openalex-snapshot
Mouth Pain in Horses: Physiological Foundations, Behavioural Indices, Welfare Implications, and a Suggested Solution
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091512openalex-snapshot
Transforming the Adaptation Physiology of Farm Animals through Sensors
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112155openalex-snapshot
Identification of Body Behaviors and Facial Expressions Associated with Induced Orthopedic Pain in Four Equine Pain Scales
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122258openalex-snapshot
Development and Validation of an Automated Video Tracking Model for Stabled Horses
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061643openalex-snapshot
Towards Machine Recognition of Facial Expressions of Pain in Horses
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113334openalex-snapshot
Current Advances in Assessment of Dog’s Emotions, Facial Expressions, and Their Use for Clinical Recognition of Pain
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani12151944openalex-snapshot
The Application of 3D Landmark-Based Geometric Morphometrics towards Refinement of the Piglet Grimace Scale
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani12182331openalex-snapshot
Can Ponies (Equus Caballus) Distinguish Human Facial Expressions?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani12182400openalex-snapshot
Facial Expressions of Horses Using Weighted Multivariate Statistics for Assessment of Subtle Local Pain Induced by Polylactide-Based Polymers Implanted Subcutaneously
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111558openalex-snapshot
Comparison of the Prevalence and Location of Trigger Points in Dressage and Show-Jumping Horses
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani9010027openalex-snapshot
A Review of Welfare Assessment Methods in Reptiles, and Preliminary Application of the Welfare Quality® Protocol to the Pygmy Blue-Tongue Skink, Tiliqua adelaidensis, Using Animal-Based Measures
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080562openalex-snapshot
Eye Blink Rates and Eyelid Twitches as a Non-Invasive Measure of Stress in the Domestic Horse
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani9110887openalex-snapshot
Inter- and Intra-Species Communication of Emotion: Chemosignals as the Neglected Medium
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani9121030openalex-snapshot
Emotional Transfer in Human–Horse Interaction: New Perspectives on Equine Assisted Interventions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20146377openalex-snapshot
Potential Mechanisms of Action and Outcomes of Equine-Assisted Services for Veterans with a History of Trauma: A Narrative Review of the Literature
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10040283openalex-snapshot
Analysis of Various Facial Expressions of Horses as a Welfare Indicator Using Deep Learning
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-021-01692-5openalex-snapshot
NetFACS: Using network science to understand facial communication systems
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.4018/ijseus.2019070104openalex-snapshot
The Unique Characteristics of the Horses for Humans Learning Purposes in Equine Assisted Learning Practice
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2102.08983openalex-snapshot
Automated Detection of Equine Facial Action Units
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.51291/2377-7478.1114openalex-snapshot
Canine emotions as seen through human social cognition
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.64292/ijes.201openalex-snapshot
Effects of a Heated Vibration Massage Pad on Horses: Randomized, Blinded Measures of Mechanical Nociception, Behavior, and Spinal and Limb Kinematics
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.64628/ade.fj4p3t7a4openalex-snapshot
Os cavalos têm um repertório complexo de expressões faciais, assim como os primatas
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.70675/1f98fe1ezbb04z4e97zaa8ezdf734d486106openalex-snapshot
Perception des émotions chez les petits ruminants
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.70675/509a072fza8a6z4fc1z9bbcz1d18e7dc79b2openalex-snapshot
Le protocole scientifique comme processus de création artistique appliqué au cheval : entre arts et sciences, des espaces hybrides où écrire le vivant
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.70675/56fdcb9cz7191z452ezbb6cz4f48d8ff9c4bopenalex-snapshot
Attention et positivisme au cœur du bien-être chez le cheval
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.70675/d5ecf24ez8717z42a3z919czc952f165b57aopenalex-snapshot
Du galop libre à la posture honorifique : fonction et représentation des équidés au Proche-Orient au 1er millénaire av. J.-C
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.26.4.383openalex-snapshot
What can kinematics tell us about the affective states of animals?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.7213/1981-4178.2018.161109openalex-snapshot
Expressões faciais em cavalos: uma abordagem sobre os métodos de avaliação e as limitações de seu uso
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1248openalex-snapshot
MaqFACS (Macaque Facial Action Coding System) can be used to document facial movements in Barbary macaques ( Macaca sylvanus)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19309openalex-snapshot
An ethogram of facial behaviour in domestic horses: evolutionary perspectives on form and function
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19484openalex-snapshot
Adapting the facial action coding system for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to bonobos (Pan paniscus): the ChimpFACS extension for bonobos
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