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Late retirement, early careers, and the aging of U.S. science and engineering professors

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Inferred edges come from two machine sources: sweeps of open repository metadata (mostly SSRN and Zenodo), and a bulk OpenAlex citation snapshot. Every row below is labelled with the one it came from. Neither is a complete citation index — absence here is not evidence of absence.

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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/sdr.1598openalex-snapshot
SD meets OR: a new synergy to address policy problems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/sdr.1601openalex-snapshot
System dynamics at sixty: the path forward
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2210openalex-snapshot
Too Many PhD Graduates or Too Few Academic Job Openings: The Basic Reproductive Number R 0 in Academia
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2324openalex-snapshot
A Note on PhD Population Growth in Biomedical Sciences
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2405openalex-snapshot
Education as a Complex System
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2510openalex-snapshot
The Postdoc Queue: A Labour Force in Waiting
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00992202openalex-snapshot
Age and research productivity of academic scientists
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-015-9374-yopenalex-snapshot
Too Old to Teach? The Effect of Age on College and University Professors
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2010.04.014openalex-snapshot
Mandatory Retirement Rules and the Retirement Decisions of University Professors in Canada
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1015575616285openalex-snapshot
Faculty Research Productivity: Exploring the Role of Gender and Family-Related Factors
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3766openalex-snapshot
The impact of postdoctoral training on early careers in biomedicine
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1404402111openalex-snapshot
Rescuing US biomedical research from its systemic flaws
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418761112openalex-snapshot
A generation at risk: Young investigators and the future of the biomedical workforce
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611748114openalex-snapshot
Why the US science and engineering workforce is aging rapidly
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biy092openalex-snapshot
Symptoms versus Root Causes: A Needed Structural Shift in Academia to Help Early Careers
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/cep/byg012openalex-snapshot
Age Discrimination Legislation in the United States
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232x.2008.00510.xopenalex-snapshot
Mandatory Retirement and Faculty Retirement Decisions
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2004.00248.xopenalex-snapshot
The Lifetime Distribution of Health Care Costs
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1126/science.362.6414.610openalex-snapshot
What are you waiting for?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf2061openalex-snapshot
Why pursue the postdoc path?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4217openalex-snapshot
Data-driven predictions in the science of science
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1257/00028280260344542openalex-snapshot
Did the Elimination of Mandatory Retirement Affect Faculty Retirement?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1287/serv.1120.0006openalex-snapshot
Nonfixed Retirement Age for University Professors: Modeling Its Effects on New Faculty Hires
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170887openalex-snapshot
Recent trends in the U.S. Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (BSSR) workforce
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/2524762openalex-snapshot
Ending Mandatory Retirement for Tenured Faculty.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189x13497993openalex-snapshot
The Impact of Uncapping of Mandatory Retirement on Postsecondary Institutions

What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3978147openalex-extracted
Science Workforce Analysis: A Review and a Reflection on Structural Barriers to Improve Research Workforce Career, Performance, and Diversity
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-025-01004-5openalex-snapshot
Science faculty perceptions of the promotion and tenure process at major research universities in the United States
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmmh.2026.100612openalex-snapshot
What breaks when federal commitments break: Comment on Beccia et al.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/aler/ahab002openalex-snapshot
Mandatory Retirement and Age, Race, and Gender Diversity of University Faculties
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae169openalex-snapshot
Competition for engineering tenure-track faculty positions in the United States
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1108/lm-03-2020-0043openalex-snapshot
Research data management literacy amongst lecturers at Strathmore University, Kenya
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.15407/sofs2021.01.044openalex-snapshot
Оцінювання історичних тенденцій формування вікової структури дослідників-гуманітаріїв за 100 років
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2874.3156openalex-snapshot
Dinâmica de geração e dissipação do estresse na equipe de enfermagem num centro de oncologia
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v14i33.16491openalex-snapshot
The age structure of the scientific and pedagogical staff: data from the regions of Russia
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20aug786openalex-snapshot
System Dynamics in the Combination of Conventional and Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Dynamics of Contagion, Treatment and Cure in the SARS Covid-19
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7300-6.ch009openalex-snapshot
Recruiting Faculty for Esports Programs in Academia
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.47611/jsr.v13i1.2389openalex-snapshot
A Comparative Study of Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry and Physics over a Century Focusing on Gender and Age
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5964/meth.9463openalex-snapshot
Evaluating individual scientific output normalized to publication age and academic field through the Scientometrics.org project
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