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Checking facts and fighting back: Why journalists should defend their profession

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208600
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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-009-9097-xopenalex-snapshot
The Neglected Power of Elite Opinion Leadership to Produce Antipathy Toward the News Media: Evidence from a Survey Experiment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2openalex-snapshot
When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511818691openalex-snapshot
The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1017/s002238161100123xopenalex-snapshot
Polarized Political Communication, Oppositional Media Hostility, and Selective Exposure
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2013.828142openalex-snapshot
Field Experimental Designs for the Study of Media Effects
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2013.821491openalex-snapshot
Effects of Journalistic Adjudication on Factual Beliefs, News Evaluations, Information Seeking, and Epistemic Political Efficacy
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2014.1001910openalex-snapshot
Media Literacy Messages and Hostile Media Perceptions: Processing of Nonpartisan Versus Partisan Political Information
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2018.1398162openalex-snapshot
Finding the Truth in Politics: An Empirical Validation of the Epistemic Political Efficacy Concept
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2018.1465061openalex-snapshot
The roles of information deficits and identity threat in the prevalence of misperceptions
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199797929.001.0001openalex-snapshot
The Space of OpinionMedia Intellectuals and the Public Sphere
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edx013openalex-snapshot
When Readers Believe Journalists: Effects of Adjudication in Varied Dispute Contexts
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0b013e318279486bopenalex-snapshot
The Hazards of Correcting Myths About Health Care Reform
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02816.xopenalex-snapshot
The Politics of Conservative Elites and the “Liberal Media” Argument
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01525.xopenalex-snapshot
Effects of Unresolved Factual Disputes in the News on Epistemic Political Efficacy
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12038openalex-snapshot
Undermining the Corrective Effects of Media-Based Political Fact Checking? The Role of Contextual Cues and Naïve Theory
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12164openalex-snapshot
Emotions, Partisanship, and Misperceptions: How Anger and Anxiety Moderate the Effect of Partisan Bias on Susceptibility to Political Misinformation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650212439205openalex-snapshot
Distinguishing Effects of Game Framing and Journalistic Adjudication on Cynicism and Epistemic Political Efficacy
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650217732208openalex-snapshot
Inadvertent Learning on a Portal Site: A Longitudinal Field Experiment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/009365099026002003openalex-snapshot
Elite Cues and Media Bias in Presidential Campaigns
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/073953290903000406openalex-snapshot
Media Literacy Training Reduces Perception of Bias
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1077695812469802openalex-snapshot
Developing a News Media Literacy Scale
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1077695815623399openalex-snapshot
Effectiveness of a Non-Classroom News Media Literacy Intervention Among Different Undergraduate Populations
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699016678186openalex-snapshot
Correcting Political and Consumer Misperceptions: The Effectiveness and Effects of Rating Scale Versus Contextual Correction Formats
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699017710453openalex-snapshot
Fact-Checking Effectiveness as a Function of Format and Tone: Evaluating FactCheck.org and FlackCheck.org
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909006700453openalex-snapshot
Objectivity in Journalism: A Search and a Reassessment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180x04263461openalex-snapshot
Why Americans Don’t Trust the Media
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180x96001001006openalex-snapshot
Can the Press Monitor Campaign Advertising?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161210367430openalex-snapshot
Politicians and the News Media: How Elite Attacks Influence Perceptions of Media Bias
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327825mcs0904_5openalex-snapshot
Media Dissociation, Internet Use, and Antiwar Political Participation: A Case Study of Political Dissent and Action Against the War in Iraq
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400840359openalex-snapshot
Why Americans Hate the Media and How It Matters
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/2074664openalex-snapshot
The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5040/9798216000983openalex-snapshot
Press Critics Are the Fifth Estate
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.46-1899openalex-snapshot
Press critics are the fifth estate: media watchdogs in America
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.49-6564openalex-snapshot
Why Americans hate the media and how it matters

What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4153677openalex-extracted
You've Been Fact-Checked! Examining the Effect of In-House Social Media Fact-Checking on the Spread of Misinformation Online
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-30227-6openalex-snapshot
Vertrauen in Journalismus unter Online-Bedingungen
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/xps.2021.18openalex-snapshot
The Effects of Unsubstantiated Claims of Voter Fraud on Confidence in Elections
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2025.2544832openalex-snapshot
How Single vs. Multiple-Statement Fact-Checking and Partisan Identity Influence Individuals’ Trust in Counter-Attitudinal Political Fact-Checks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1713268openalex-snapshot
Seeing Spanish: The Effects of Language-Based Media Choices on Resentment and Belonging
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2020.1814749openalex-snapshot
Citizen journalism in Morocco: the case of fact-checkers
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2020.1759669openalex-snapshot
Fake news practices in Indonesian newsrooms during and after the Palu earthquake: a hierarchy-of-influences approach
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2024.2401403openalex-snapshot
Ritual Reinforcement: Habit, Emotion, and Identity as Attributes of Trust in News
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2024.2407948openalex-snapshot
The Structural and Temporal Curb of Populism: A Cross-Country Analysis of Authoritarian Populist Influences on Journalism
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2025.2562141openalex-snapshot
Different Country, Different Truth? A Cross-Country Comparison of Fact-Checking Journalism During Public Health Crises
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2020.1729383openalex-snapshot
That’s Not News: Audience Perceptions of “News-ness” and Why It Matters
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1981147openalex-snapshot
The Methodological Challenges of Studying “Fake News”
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2024.2311311openalex-snapshot
Beyond Belief Correction: Effects of the Truth Sandwich on Perceptions of Fact-checkers and Verification Intentions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2024.2383917openalex-snapshot
Personal Storytelling and Subjective Narratives of Local Reporters through Private Newsletters
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.2017316openalex-snapshot
Trust through Transparency? How Journalistic Reactions to Media-Critical User Comments Affect Quality Perceptions and Behavior Intentions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2031240openalex-snapshot
Does Third-Party Fact-Checking Increase Trust in News Stories? An Australian Case Study Using the “Sports Rorts” Affair
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2043173openalex-snapshot
Debunking False Information: Investigating Journalists’ Fact-Checking Skills
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2118144openalex-snapshot
Strategic Rituals of Loyalty: When Israeli Journalists Face Digital Hate
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2025.2492209openalex-snapshot
Thinking Hard, Thinking Smart: How News Users’ Cognitive Traits Guide Their Responses to Fact-Checks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2021.1960181openalex-snapshot
Concepts, causes and consequences of trust in news media – a literature review and framework
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.001.0001openalex-snapshot
Journalism Research That Matters
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.002.0004openalex-snapshot
Copyright Page
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.003.0001openalex-snapshot
Introduction: Improving Journalism with Academic Research
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.003.0002openalex-snapshot
Recovering the Midwestern Ethos of Journalism Research
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.003.0003openalex-snapshot
Groundwork for the Public
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.003.0004openalex-snapshot
Advocating for Journalism Studies’ Impact on Policymaking
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.003.0005openalex-snapshot
Sharing Research Amidst the Cat Videos and Clickbait
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.003.0006openalex-snapshot
Critiquing Ethnocentrism and Hierarchy in International Journalism
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.003.0007openalex-snapshot
Why News Literacy Matters
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.003.0008openalex-snapshot
News Consumers (and Non-Consumers)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.003.0009openalex-snapshot
Understanding Collaborative Journalism with Digital Trace Data and Crowdsourced Databases
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.003.0010openalex-snapshot
The Business of Digital News
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.003.0011openalex-snapshot
The Business of Journalism and Studying the Journalism Business
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.003.0012openalex-snapshot
Rebuilding Trust through Journalism Education
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.003.0013openalex-snapshot
What Is Data Literacy?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.003.0014openalex-snapshot
Engaging the Academy
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.003.0015openalex-snapshot
Beyond Ferguson
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.003.0016openalex-snapshot
How Academics Can Work with Journalists (Hint: They Already Have)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.003.0017openalex-snapshot
Would We Do It Again?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.003.0018openalex-snapshot
What Journalism Researchers Should Be Doing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538470.003.0019openalex-snapshot
Conclusion: Betrothed or Belligerent
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197578384.003.0004openalex-snapshot
The Social Function of News and (Mis)Information Use
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfad042openalex-snapshot
The Effects of Elite Attacks on Copartisan Media: Evidence from Trump and Fox News
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/icaiic51459.2021.9415192openalex-snapshot
An Empirical Comparison of BERT, RoBERTa, and Electra for Fact Verification
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3442442.3452304openalex-snapshot
Characterizing and Comparing COVID-19 Misinformation Across Languages, Countries and Platforms
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3706599.3720007openalex-snapshot
Combining AI and Crowdsourcing to Identify Misinformation in Online News
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/02673231251400203openalex-snapshot
Does fact-checking influence media trust? Longitudinal evidence from Flanders
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/07395329241298965openalex-snapshot
Check the checks: A comparison of fact-checking practices between newspapers and independent organizations during 2020 U.S. election presidential debates
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/10776990231162093openalex-snapshot
Country Roads and Cityscapes: Examining the Relationship Between Place-Based Identity and Feelings Toward Journalists
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1329878x19891586openalex-snapshot
More top-down than peer-to-peer: talking to Australians about their ideal news source
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211016984openalex-snapshot
Lost in the stream? Professional efficacy perceptions of journalists in the context of dark participation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/14648849241273599openalex-snapshot
Why media platforms police the boundaries of impartiality: A comparative analysis of television news and fact-checking in the UK
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/19401612211022656openalex-snapshot
The Strategic Bias: How Journalists Respond to Antimedia Populism
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241389openalex-snapshot
Misinformation and herd behavior in media markets: A cross-national investigation of how tabloids’ attention to misinformation drives broadsheets’ attention to misinformation in political and business journalism
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251284openalex-snapshot
Restoring trust in truth-seekers: Effects of op/eds defending journalism and justice
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289004openalex-snapshot
Cross-checking journalistic fact-checkers: The role of sampling and scaling in interpreting false and misleading statements
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00073_1openalex-snapshot
Fact-checking in Spain: Perception and trust
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.14195/2183-6019_9_3openalex-snapshot
O rigor como eixo central da atividade jornalística
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.22201/fcpys.24484911e.2020.29.70352openalex-snapshot
Fact-Checking en México. Análisis de la percepción del público de Verificado 2018
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.22215/ff/v3.i1.01openalex-snapshot
Forced change: Pandemic pedagogy and journalism education
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.22215/ff/v3.i1.10openalex-snapshot
Fake news and fact-checking: Combating misinformation and disinformation in Canadian newsrooms and journalism schools
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.29101/crcs.v27i0.12902openalex-snapshot
Fact-checking en el periodismo mexicano: Análisis de la experiencia Verificado 2018
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.5002openalex-snapshot
Can Cooler Heads Prevail? New Media Technology and Affective Polarization
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.5275openalex-snapshot
Agenda Cueing in Aggregated Newsfeeds
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.01232openalex-snapshot
Conversations Surrounding the Use of DNA Tests in the Family Reunification of Migrants Separated at the United States-Mexico Border in 2018
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/2200openalex-snapshot
Changes in the Journalist’s Profession Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Context of Relations with Representatives of the Public Relations Industry
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-87openalex-snapshot
Research note: Fighting misinformation or fighting for information?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3726/b20308openalex-snapshot
Ecología de la desinformación y su impacto en el espacio público
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.4185/cac154openalex-snapshot
Debates electorales televisados: del antes al después
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.84506openalex-snapshot
La esfera pública en la encrucijada: fragmentación, crisis del periodismo y desinformación
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