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Nested CytochromeBPolymerase Chain Reaction Diagnostics Underestimate Mixed Infections of Avian Blood Haemosporidian Parasites: Microscopy is Still Essential

https://doi.org/10.1645/ge-3547rn.1
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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

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Use of PCR for detection of subpatent infections of lizard malaria: implications for epizootiology
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High prevalence of blood parasites in hawfinchCoccothraustes coccothraustes
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150490264987openalex-snapshot
Evolutionary Relationships, Cospeciation, and Host Switching in Avian Malaria Parasites
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Pathogenicity and epizootiology of avian haematozoa: Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus
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LINKAGE BETWEEN NUCLEAR AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCES IN AVIAN MALARIA PARASITES: MULTIPLE CASES OF CRYPTIC SPECIATION?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.1995.tb00267.xopenalex-snapshot
A PCR test for avian malaria in Hawaiian birds
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7123238openalex-snapshot
Heritable True Fitness and Bright Birds: A Role for Parasites?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1139/z75-211openalex-snapshot
Distribution of the avian hematozoa of North America
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203643792openalex-snapshot
Avian Malaria Parasites and other Haemosporidia
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0972:ampomp]2.0.co;2openalex-snapshot
A MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF MALARIAL PARASITES RECOVERED FROM CYTOCHROMEbGENE SEQUENCES
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Temporal and Spatial Variation of Hematozoans in Scandinavian Willow Warblers
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A NEW PCR ASSAY FOR SIMULTANEOUS STUDIES OF LEUCOCYTOZOON, PLASMODIUM, AND HAEMOPROTEUS FROM AVIAN BLOOD
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1645/ge-3221rnopenalex-snapshot
A New Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction Method Very Efficient in Detecting Plasmodium and Haemoproteus Infections From Avian Blood
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-23.4.558openalex-snapshot
QUANTIFICATION OF HEMATOZOA IN BLOOD SMEARS

What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

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inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/s0266467409006178openalex-snapshot
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Plasmodium relictum
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Cases of mortality in little penguins (Eudyptula minor) in New Zealand associated with avian malaria
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2019.1680326openalex-snapshot
Presence and diversity of mixed avian Plasmodium spp. infections in introduced birds whose distribution overlapped with threatened New Zealand endemic birds
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/01584197.2022.2105722openalex-snapshot
Haemosporidian parasite diversity in an under-surveyed Australian avifauna
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2011.559662openalex-snapshot
Plasmodium infections of red‐billed gulls ( Larus scopulinus ) show associations with host condition but not reproductive performance
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2011.569533openalex-snapshot
Application of in-situ hybridization for the detection and identification of avian malaria parasites in paraffin wax-embedded tissues from captive penguins
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2016.1149145openalex-snapshot
Malaria in penguins – current perceptions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa055openalex-snapshot
Haemosporidian parasites of Neotropical birds: Causes and consequences of infection
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoab030openalex-snapshot
Diversity and host assemblage of avian haemosporidians in different terrestrial ecoregions of Peru
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esw082openalex-snapshot
Population Differences at MHC Do Not Explain Enhanced Resistance of Song Sparrows to Local Parasites
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duad031openalex-snapshot
Prevalence and diversity of malaria parasites (genus Plasmodium) in the imperiled Saltmarsh Sparrow are greater at northern sites
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160216openalex-snapshot
Song sparrowsMelospiza melodiahave a home-field advantage in defending against sympatric malarial parasites
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1227openalex-snapshot
An island paradigm on the mainland: host population fragmentation impairs the community of avian pathogens
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.23.661047openalex-snapshot
Phenology underlies apparent urbanisation effects on avian malaria in juvenile songbirds
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12578openalex-snapshot
Co‐infections and environmental conditions drive the distributions of blood parasites in wild birds
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13089openalex-snapshot
Evolutionary lability of host associations promotes phylogenetic overdispersion of co‐infecting blood parasites
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.13039openalex-snapshot
Blood Parasites and Wildlife: The Development of a Discipline
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.70056openalex-snapshot
Domination Versus Sisterhoods in the Blood Microbiota of Migrating Birds: Patterns of Within‐ and Between‐Individual Blood Parasite Diversity Revealed Through Metabarcoding
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13091openalex-snapshot
Metatranscriptomics yields new genomic resources and sensitive detection of infections for diverse blood parasites
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13122openalex-snapshot
Promising protocols for parasites: Metatranscriptomics improves detection of hyperdiverse but low abundance communities
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12639openalex-snapshot
Facilitation through altered resource availability in a mixed‐species rodent malaria infection
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12176openalex-snapshot
New host and lineage diversity of avian haemosporidia in the northern Andes
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12683openalex-snapshot
Clonal reproduction shapes evolution in the lizard malaria parasitePlasmodium floridense
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.0908-8857.2008.04308.xopenalex-snapshot
Parasitemia in PCR‐detected Plasmodium and Haemoproteus infections in birds
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01176.xopenalex-snapshot
Temporal dynamics and diversity of avian malaria parasites in a single host species
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04346.xopenalex-snapshot
Prevalence and diversity patterns of avian blood parasites in degraded African rainforest habitats
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04507.xopenalex-snapshot
Retracted:MHC diversity and differential exposure to pathogens in kestrels (Aves:Falconidae)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04756.xopenalex-snapshot
Ecology of malaria parasites infecting Southeast Asian macaques: evidence from cytochrome b sequences
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04905.xopenalex-snapshot
Disease in the dark: molecular characterization of Polychromophilus murinus in temperate zone bats revealed a worldwide distribution of this malaria‐like disease
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01141.xopenalex-snapshot
Antagonistic effects of a Mhc class I allele on malaria‐infected house sparrows
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2012.00234.xopenalex-snapshot
Diptera vectors of avian Haemosporidian parasites: untangling parasite life cycles and their taxonomy
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-048x.2011.05281.xopenalex-snapshot
Are chronic avian haemosporidian infections costly in wild birds?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-048x.2013.00178.xopenalex-snapshot
Co‐infections by malaria parasites decrease feather growth but not feather quality in house martin
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00127.xopenalex-snapshot
Cryptic vector divergence masks vector‐specific patterns of infection: an example from the marine cycle of Lyme borreliosis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jav.02951openalex-snapshot
Ecological factors driving the feather mite associations in tropical avian hosts
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jav.03214openalex-snapshot
Young male blackcaps with blood parasite coinfections cope with oxidative stress favouring anthocyanin‐rich food during migratory fattening
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12129openalex-snapshot
Circannual variation in blood parasitism in a sub‐Saharan migrant passerine bird, the garden warbler
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12911openalex-snapshot
Multiple cryptic species of sympatric generalists within the avian blood parasiteHaemoproteus majoris
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12227openalex-snapshot
Phylogeny, Diversity, Distribution, and Host Specificity of Haemoproteus spp. (Apicomplexa: Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae) of Palaearctic Tortoises
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16421openalex-snapshot
Assessing rates of parasite coinfection and spatiotemporal strain variation via metabarcoding: Insights for the conservation of European turtle doves Streptopelia turtur
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501486openalex-snapshot
Hidden in plain sight: Cryptic and endemic malaria parasites in North American white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus )
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1242-xopenalex-snapshot
Integrating coalescent species delimitation with analysis of host specificity reveals extensive cryptic diversity despite minimal mitochondrial divergence in the malaria parasite genus Leucocytozoon
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-022-02068-9openalex-snapshot
Prevalence of co-infection and genetic diversity of avian haemosporidian parasites in two rehabilitation facilities in Iran: implications for the conservation of captive raptors
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-1892-yopenalex-snapshot
Extremely low Plasmodium prevalence in wild plovers and coursers from Cape Verde and Madagascar
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-2035-1openalex-snapshot
Avian Plasmodium in Eastern Austrian mosquitoes
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2325-2openalex-snapshot
Characterization of Plasmodium relictum, a cosmopolitan agent of avian malaria
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2359-5openalex-snapshot
Keys to the avian malaria parasites
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-3147-6openalex-snapshot
Haemosporidioses in wild Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus merula) and song thrushes (T. philomelos): an in situ hybridization study with emphasis on exo-erythrocytic parasite burden
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03669-3openalex-snapshot
Vector incrimination and transmission of avian malaria at an aquarium in Japan: mismatch in parasite composition between mosquitoes and penguins
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022-04235-1openalex-snapshot
Keys to the avian Haemoproteus parasites (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-024-04961-8openalex-snapshot
A new long-read mitochondrial-genome protocol (PacBio HiFi) for haemosporidian parasites: a tool for population and biodiversity studies
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-0993-0openalex-snapshot
A new real-time PCR protocol for detection of avian haemosporidians
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1903-9openalex-snapshot
Do mosquitoes transmit the avian malaria-like parasite Haemoproteus? An experimental test of vector competence using mosquito saliva
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2066-zopenalex-snapshot
Estimating prevalence of avian haemosporidians in natural populations: a comparative study on screening protocols
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-3109-9openalex-snapshot
A new blood parasite of leaf warblers: molecular characterization, phylogenetic relationships, description and identification of vectors
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3536-2openalex-snapshot
Molecular probes for the identification of avian Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon parasites in tissue sections by chromogenic in situ hybridization
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3545-1openalex-snapshot
Prevalence and diversity of avian blood parasites in a resident northern passerine
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04176-1openalex-snapshot
Penguins are competent hosts of Haemoproteus parasites: the first detection of gametocytes, with molecular characterization of Haemoproteus larae
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-3984-8openalex-snapshot
The buffy coat method: a tool for detection of blood parasites without staining procedures
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-05667-7openalex-snapshot
Survey of haemosporidian parasite infections in an endangered high alpine bird
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-05965-0openalex-snapshot
Avian Plasmodium spp. and Haemoproteus spp. parasites in mosquitoes in Germany
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-025-06931-8openalex-snapshot
Combining blood meal analysis and parasite detection yields a more comprehensive understanding of insect host feeding patterns
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002304openalex-snapshot
Blood Parasites in Owls with Conservation Implications for the Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021905openalex-snapshot
Diversity, Loss, and Gain of Malaria Parasites in a Globally Invasive Bird
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004308openalex-snapshot
Evolution of Plastic Transmission Strategies in Avian Malaria
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.14393/ufu.di.2018.80openalex-snapshot
Avaliação de parâmetros fisiológicos e hemoparasitólogicos de Columbina talpacoti (Aves: Columbiformes): um estudo comparativo nos ambientes urbano e natural
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2016.023openalex-snapshot
Investigation of avian haemosporidian parasites from raptor birds in Turkey, with molecular characterisation and microscopic confirmation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2018-0716openalex-snapshot
Patterns of avian malaria in tropical and temperate environments: testing the "The enemy release hypothesis"
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2015000100014openalex-snapshot
Plasmodium spp. and Haemoproteus spp. infection in birds of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest detected by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612020042openalex-snapshot
First molecular detection of Haemoproteus spp. and Plasmodium spp. in eared doves (Zenaida auriculata) in Brazil
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1637/8842-040409-case.1openalex-snapshot
Identification of Blood Parasites in Old World Warbler Species from the Danube River Delta
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260(2007)038[0309:fhiima]2.0.co;2openalex-snapshot
FATAL HEMOPROTOZOAL INFECTIONS IN MULTIPLE AVIAN SPECIES IN A ZOOLOGICAL PARK
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1638/2017-0042r.1openalex-snapshot
CLINICAL EFFECT OF HEMOPARASITE INFECTIONS IN SNOWY OWLS (BUBO SCANDIACUS)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1638/2019-0187openalex-snapshot
BLOOD PARASITE INFECTIONS IN STRIGIFORMES AND PSITTACIFORMES SPECIES IN CAPTIVITY WITH A NEW RECORD OF POTENTIAL FATAL BLOOD PARASITE TRANSMISSION TO PARROTS
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1645/14-713openalex-snapshot
Molecular Characterization and Biochemical and Histopathological Aspects of the Parasitism ofHaemoproteusspp. in Southern Caracaras (Caracara plancus)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1645/24-88openalex-snapshot
Effects of Avian Malaria in a Population of Cerulean Warbler (Setophaga cerulea) with First Documentation of Haemosporidian Lineages Infecting the Species
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1645/ge-1051r1.1openalex-snapshot
DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENY OF MITOCHONDRIAL CYTOCHROMEBLINEAGES FROM SIX MORPHOSPECIES OF AVIAN HAEMOPROTEUS (HAEMOSPORIDA: HAEMOPROTEIDAE)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1645/ge-1102r.1openalex-snapshot
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF CIRCUMNUCLEAR HEMOPROTEIDS (HAEMOSPORIDA: HAEMOPROTEIDAE) OF SYLVIID BIRDS, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF HAEMOPROTEUS PARABELOPOLSKYI SP. NOV
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1645/ge-1286.1openalex-snapshot
A Cautionary Note on the Use of Nested PCR for Parasite Screening—An Example From Avian Blood Parasites
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1645/ge-1351.1openalex-snapshot
Patterns of Parasite Abundance and Distribution in Island Populations of Galápagos Endemic Birds
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1645/ge-1357.1openalex-snapshot
Haemosporidian Blood Parasites in European Birds of Prey and Owls
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1645/ge-1539.1openalex-snapshot
Positive Correlation Between Hemosporidian Parasitemia and Likelihood of PCR Detection in Co-Infected Birds
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1645/ge-1570.1openalex-snapshot
A Comparative Analysis of Microscopy and PCR-Based Detection Methods for Blood Parasites
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1645/ge-1873.1openalex-snapshot
Individual Oocysts of Isospora (Apicomplexa: Coccidia) Parasites From Avian Feces: From Photo to Sequence
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1645/ge-2060.1openalex-snapshot
Avian Malaria Parasites Share Congeneric Mosquito Vectors
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1645/ge-2105.1openalex-snapshot
Nested Cytochrome B Polymerase Chain Reaction Diagnostics Detect Sporozoites of Hemosporidian Parasites in Peripheral Blood of Naturally Infected Birds
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1645/ge-2123.1openalex-snapshot
Spatial Variation of Haemosporidian Parasite Infection in African Rainforest Bird Species
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1645/ge-2247.1openalex-snapshot
Laser Microdissection Microscopy and Single Cell PCR of Avian Hemosporidians
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