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The Effects of a Health Care Chatbot’s Complexity and Persona on User Trust, Perceived Usability, and Effectiveness: Mixed Methods Study

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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67835-7_30openalex-snapshot
Towards the Development of a Trustworthy Chatbot for Mental Health Applications
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.09.002openalex-snapshot
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Gender bias in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30086-4openalex-snapshot
COVID-19: health literacy is an underestimated problem
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2014.198openalex-snapshot
Acceptability and feasibility of a virtual counselor (VICKY) to collect family health histories
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/10447319509526110openalex-snapshot
IBM computer usability satisfaction questionnaires: Psychometric evaluation and instructions for use
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2018.1511658openalex-snapshot
Health Literacy and Use and Trust in Health Information
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daaa040openalex-snapshot
Critical health literacy and the COVID-19 crisis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocw154openalex-snapshot
Problems with health information technology and their effects on care delivery and patient outcomes: a systematic review
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2018.3191249openalex-snapshot
Social Media–based Conversational Agents for Health Management and Interventions
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/mis.2013.24openalex-snapshot
Trust in Automation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2010.01119.xopenalex-snapshot
Short Assessment of Health Literacy—Spanish and English: A Comparable Test of Health Literacy for Spanish and English Speakers
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02408.xopenalex-snapshot
Analysis of patient information leaflets provided by a district general hospital by the Flesch and Flesch-Kincaid method
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.56.655.378-aopenalex-snapshot
Clinical Hypertension
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/2499672openalex-snapshot
Triggering effective social support for online groups
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3295750.3298956openalex-snapshot
Exploring Language Style in Chatbots to Increase Perceived Product Value and User Engagement
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720816681350openalex-snapshot
From Here to Autonomy
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720818780544openalex-snapshot
Developing a 3D Gestural Interface for Anesthesia-Related Human-Computer Interaction Tasks Using Both Experts and Novices
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631246openalex-snapshot
A Systems Approach into Unnecessary Admissions and Readmissions in Emergency Departments
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601579openalex-snapshot
An Investigation of the Effect of Latency on the Operator’s Trust and Performance for Manual Multi-robot Teleoperated Tasks
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601660openalex-snapshot
Mapping 3D Gestural Inputs to Traditional Touchscreen Interface Designs within the Context of Anesthesiology
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/193229680900300124openalex-snapshot
A Review of Health Literacy and Diabetes: Opportunities for Technology
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/2374373521998847openalex-snapshot
Readability of Patient Education Materials From High-Impact Medical Journals: A 20-Year Analysis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.14763/2021.4.1589openalex-snapshot
Whiteness in and through data protection: an intersectional approach to anti-violence apps and #MeToo bots
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.306006openalex-snapshot
Artificial Intelligence, Intersectionality, and the Future of Public Health
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.4018openalex-snapshot
Low Health Literacy and Evaluation of Online Health Information: A Systematic Review of the Literature
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.5239openalex-snapshot
Improving Access to Online Health Information With Conversational Agents: A Randomized Controlled Experiment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.6349openalex-snapshot
Health Literacy and Health Information Technology Adoption: The Potential for a New Digital Divide
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.7785openalex-snapshot
Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults With Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093010openalex-snapshot
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Health Literacy Research Around the World: More Important Than Ever in a Time of COVID-19
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1802.09100openalex-snapshot
Can a Chatbot Determine My Diet?: Addressing Challenges of Chatbot Application for Meal Recommendation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00005openalex-snapshot
Low Health Literacy and Health Outcomes: An Updated Systematic Review

What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

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Conversational Artificial Intelligence in Digital Healthcare: A Bibliometric Analysis
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Designing an AI Chatbot for Team-Based Diabetes Care: An Iterative Human-in-the-Loop Approach
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-19687-3_8openalex-snapshot
Towards Personalized Conversations: How Rhetorical Framing Shapes User Trust and Acceptance in Healthcare Chatbots
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-29596-5_24openalex-snapshot
One Size Does Not Fit All: A Systematic Review of Use-Case-Specific Design Criteria for Healthcare Chatbots
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s41449-026-00521-9openalex-snapshot
Who is my user? Explaining intention to use chat-based symptom checkers through user characteristics
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104515openalex-snapshot
Generative AI responses are a dime a dozen; Making them count is the challenge – Evaluating information presentation styles in healthcare chatbots using hierarchical Bayesian regression models
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2026.152136openalex-snapshot
Development and validation of AI-based chatbot for self-management in liver transplant recipients
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbah.2026.100370openalex-snapshot
The danger in easy answers: Conceptualizing subjective processing fluency for healthcare chatbot information presentation in an inductive reflexive thematic analysis of user experience and perceptions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbiot.2024.100197openalex-snapshot
Chatting with artificial intelligence to combat antibiotic resistance: Opportunities and challenges
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2026.2638907openalex-snapshot
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inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2025.2526584openalex-snapshot
Dialogue Cues in Telecare Dialogue Agents: The Impact of Text Dialogue Methods and Dialogue Prompt Types on User Perceptions and Behaviors
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2024.2436931openalex-snapshot
Chatbots in higher education: a systematic review
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/17538068.2025.2487378openalex-snapshot
A comparative analysis of CDC and AI-generated health information using computer-aided text analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/24725838.2026.2625655openalex-snapshot
Human Factors Influencing Trust in Healthcare Artificial Intelligence: Systematic Literature Review
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000006202openalex-snapshot
ChatGPT Virtual Assistant for Breast Reconstruction: Assessing Preferences for a Traditional Chatbot versus a Human AI VideoBot
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1108/intr-08-2023-0702openalex-snapshot
Bridging the health literacy gap through AI chatbot design: the impact of gender and doctor cues on chatbot trust and acceptance
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586555openalex-snapshot
Conceptualizing Clinicians’ Trust in Artificial Intelligence as a Function of Their Expertise, Workload, Patient Outcome, Diagnosis Difficulty, and AI Accuracy: A Systems Thinking Approach
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/cai64502.2025.00051openalex-snapshot
Trust, Support, and Adoption Intentions Towards Generative AI are Context Dependent
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/icett70124.2026.11666085openalex-snapshot
Visualizing the Knowledge Mapping of Chatbots in Education: A Bibliometric Analysis in CiteSpace
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3706599.3719798openalex-snapshot
VizTrust: A Visual Analytics Tool for Capturing User Trust Dynamics in Human-AI Communication
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3719160.3736635openalex-snapshot
SmartEats: Investigating the Effects of Customizable Conversational Agent in Dietary Recommendations
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3816046.3816274openalex-snapshot
How Social Role Influences Interaction and Evaluation in Persona-based Health Chatbots: A Qualitative User Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1155/ijta/9055091openalex-snapshot
Exploring Users′ Acceptance and Engagement With Mental Health Chatbots: Insights From an Integrative Review
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/10711813241263509openalex-snapshot
The Effect of Healthcare Chatbots’ Information Presentation Styles on User Acceptance in a Knowledge Seeking Task
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/10711813251357910openalex-snapshot
Correlates of Trust of Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools Among Patients and Caregivers: A Review of Empirical Research
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/10711813251359995openalex-snapshot
Users Willingness to Use Healthcare Chatbot and its Perceived Impact on Health Self-Management: A Survey Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/20552076261464801openalex-snapshot
Investigating the mobile messenger app-based intervention delivered by a therapeutic companion agent for young adults with depressive symptoms: A proof-of-concept and quasi-experimental study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/20552076261495239openalex-snapshot
Intention to use chatbots for hair loss treatment: A structural equation modeling study examining the moderating role of appearance-related self-esteem
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/21925682241241241openalex-snapshot
GPT-4 as a Source of Patient Information for Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: A Comparative Analysis Against Google Web Search
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4979499/v1openalex-snapshot
Customer Acceptance of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: A Systematic Literature Review and Proposition of Conceptual Framework for Future Research
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2196/102911openalex-snapshot
Usability and User Experience Assessment of Health Care Conversational Agents Using Validated Subjective Instruments: Systematic Review and Comparative Analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2196/59908openalex-snapshot
A New Research Model for Artificial Intelligence–Based Well-Being Chatbot Engagement: Survey Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2196/60205openalex-snapshot
User and Provider Experiences With Health Education Chatbots: Qualitative Systematic Review
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.33503/journey.v7i1.4000openalex-snapshot
Investigating the Implementation of ChatGPT in English Language Education
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1785085openalex-snapshot
“But it sounded confident”: the role of accuracy, tone, and disclaimers in users' medical decision-making
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14214161openalex-snapshot
Autonomous AI Agents for Multi-Platform Social Media Marketing: A Simultaneous Deployment Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13091363openalex-snapshot
Ethical Implications of Chatbot Utilization in Nephrology
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/make8020028openalex-snapshot
Assessing Interaction Quality in Human–AI Dialogue: An Integrative Review and Multi-Layer Framework for Conversational Agents
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-3112-5.ch005openalex-snapshot
Tracing the Development and Influence of Chatbots in Contemporary Healthcare Systems
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.47670/wuwijar20262vnrkamkopenalex-snapshot
Multimodal and Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Precision Healthcare: Integrating Federated Learning, Governance, and Affective Computing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.47836/mjmhs.19.s12.12openalex-snapshot
ChatGPT Review: A Sophisticated Chatbot Models in Medical & Health-related Teaching and Learning
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