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The Explainability of Transformers: Current Status and Directions

https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13040092
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Efficient Shapley Values Calculation for Transformer Explainability
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Visualizing and Understanding Convolutional Networks
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Transformers in Time-Series Analysis: A Tutorial
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ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge
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Vision Transformers in medical computer vision—A contemplative retrospection
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The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews
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MTBERT-Attention: An Explainable BERT Model based on Multi-Task Learning for Cognitive Text Classification
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MuLan-Methyl—multiple transformer-based language models for accurate DNA methylation prediction
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Sentiment Analysis in Finance: From Transformers Back to eXplainable Lexicons (XLex)
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inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr52729.2023.02333openalex-snapshot
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inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/cvprw50498.2020.00020openalex-snapshot
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inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/cvprw59228.2023.00383openalex-snapshot
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inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/icce-berlin58801.2023.10375660openalex-snapshot
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inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2017.74openalex-snapshot
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inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv48922.2021.00045openalex-snapshot
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inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/iccvw.2019.00513openalex-snapshot
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inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/iccvw60793.2023.00088openalex-snapshot
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inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/icde55515.2023.00094openalex-snapshot
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Sentence Similarity Recognition in Portuguese from Multiple Embedding Models
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Scene Understanding for Autonomous Driving Using Visual Question Answering
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/iv51561.2020.00051openalex-snapshot
Visualizing Transformers for NLP: A Brief Survey
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Concept-Based Explainability for an EEG Transformer Model
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/raise.2019.00016openalex-snapshot
An Explainable Deep Model for Defect Prediction
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Hybrid Swin Deformable Attention U-Net for Medical Image Segmentation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2019.2944078openalex-snapshot
Low-Rank and Locality Constrained Self-Attention for Sequence Modeling
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Fuzzy Centered Explainable Network for Reinforcement Learning
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inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2023.3282488openalex-snapshot
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inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2022.3151347openalex-snapshot
End-to-End Dialogue Generation Using a Single Encoder and a Decoder Cascade With a Multidimension Attention Mechanism
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2023.3270479openalex-snapshot
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JARVIS: Joining Adversarial Training With Vision Transformers in Next-Activity Prediction
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2018.00097openalex-snapshot
Grad-CAM++: Generalized Gradient-Based Visual Explanations for Deep Convolutional Networks
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv45572.2020.9093360openalex-snapshot
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Ecco: An Open Source Library for the Explainability of Transformer Language Models
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Discretized Integrated Gradients for Explaining Language Models
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inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.595openalex-snapshot
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inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.acl-long.301openalex-snapshot
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PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation

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Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

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An evaluation pipeline for assessing the effectiveness of eXplainable AI methods on CNN-based image classification models
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.06.303openalex-snapshot
Explainable Hybrid Transformer for Crisis Informatics: Combining Deep Contextual Embeddings with Handcrafted Cues
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.08.328openalex-snapshot
Quantization Effects on Explainability in Indonesian Transformer-Based Sentiment Analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2025.08.016openalex-snapshot
Rethinking Ethics for an Era of Trusted Computational Tools
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179303openalex-snapshot
Developing a novel Temporal Air-quality Risk Index using LSTM autoencoder: A case study with South Korean air quality data
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/nlp.2026.10028openalex-snapshot
Evaluating explainable AI attribution methods in neural machine translation via attention-guided knowledge distillation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-35918-3openalex-snapshot
Understanding mental health discourse on Reddit with transformers and explainability
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-39730-xopenalex-snapshot
A novel superpixel based Vision Transformer for improving interpretability in glaucoma screening
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s44484-025-00006-yopenalex-snapshot
AI model predicts patient outcomes from surgical gestures and provides insights into explainability
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20269001016openalex-snapshot
XViT-Net: An Explainable Self-Supervised Vision Transformer Framework for Image Recognition
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20269001018openalex-snapshot
Vision Transformer (ViT) Based Image Recognition with Explainable AI & Self-Supervised Pretraining
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3720106openalex-snapshot
A Survey of Dynamic Token Computation in Transformers: Taxonomy, Stability, and Budget-Aware Evaluation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3724197openalex-snapshot
Automatic Multi-Dimensional Food Text Tagging Using Adaptive Neuro-Symbolic AI Framework
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata66926.2025.11402387openalex-snapshot
Do Deeper Layers Explain Better? An LID-Based Study of Transformer Explainability
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/codit70676.2026.11630712openalex-snapshot
XAI for Transformer-based Fall Detection using Skeleton Time-series Data Analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/giest62955.2024.10960251openalex-snapshot
Enhancing Engineering Pedagogy through Deep Learning: Applications of Explainable AI and Neural Networks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/icai-tems64510.2025.11467689openalex-snapshot
Explaining Transformers through Similarity Difference and Uniqueness Masks – A Pilot Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/icaiii69475.2026.11521815openalex-snapshot
HallucinationX: Explainability-Guided Detection of Hallucinations in Large Language Models
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/icces67310.2025.11336920openalex-snapshot
Learning to Read, Classify and Infer: A Survey of Deep Structures for Intelligent Text Labeling
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/icecmsn68058.2025.11382707openalex-snapshot
Explainable Transformer-based Detection of Adversarial Prompts in Chatbots
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/icosaas68663.2026.11649134openalex-snapshot
Self Explaining Vision Transformer using Large Language Models for Trustworthy Image Classification
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/is61756.2024.10705202openalex-snapshot
Multi-Level XAI-Driven MLOps Pipeline for the Adjustment of Fruit and Vegetable Classifiers
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2026.3694751openalex-snapshot
PC-FT: A Lightweight and Utility-Preserving Private Fine-Tuning Framework for Edge-Based Agentic AI
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3787279.3787290openalex-snapshot
Performance Trade-offs in Explainability-as-a-Service Using Surrogate Linear Models
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3816754openalex-snapshot
Transformative Energy-Efficient Edge-Optimised Multimodal Deep Learning Framework for Pest Management and Severity Analysis in Tea Plants
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.15439/2025f4427openalex-snapshot
Forecasting consent in organ donation: early assessment of machine-learning techniques
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9940304/v1openalex-snapshot
Layer Wise IndoBERT Representation Evolution for Indonesian Misinformation Detection
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.26906/sunz.2026.2.153openalex-snapshot
THE EXPLAINABILITY OF SHALLOW AI-GENERATED TEXT CLASSIFICATION MODELS VIA PARTS REMOVING
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/a18090556openalex-snapshot
A Review of Explainable Artificial Intelligence from the Perspectives of Challenges and Opportunities
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/app152011150openalex-snapshot
Trends and Limitations in Transformer-Based BCI Research
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc8110160openalex-snapshot
Explainable Pre-Trained Language Models for Sentiment Analysis in Low-Resourced Languages
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12050440openalex-snapshot
Large Language Models in Genomics—A Perspective on Personalized Medicine
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/biology14101313openalex-snapshot
Deep Ensemble Learning and Explainable AI for Multi-Class Classification of Earthstar Fungal Species
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26115255openalex-snapshot
Explainability of Protein Deep Learning Models
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/info15100603openalex-snapshot
Uncovering Tourist Visit Intentions on Social Media through Sentence Transformers
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/info17100987openalex-snapshot
Explainable Sentiment-Based Reputational Risk Modelling in Ugandan Megaprojects
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