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Detecting Zero-Day Web Attacks with an Ensemble of LSTM, GRU, and Stacked Autoencoders

https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14060205

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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

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DeepWAF: Detecting Web Attacks Based on CNN and LSTM Models

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Web Dynamics

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Predicting Web Vulnerabilities in Web Applications Based on Machine Learning

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Zero-day attack detection: a systematic literature review

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-023-05073-xopenalex-snapshot

Addressing the class imbalance problem in network intrusion detection systems using data resampling and deep learning

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-019-01494-1openalex-snapshot

Model Uncertainty Based Annotation Error Fixing for Web Attack Detection

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2006.09.016openalex-snapshot

Learning DFA representations of HTTP for protecting web applications

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2010.12.004openalex-snapshot

HMMPayl: An intrusion detection system based on Hidden Markov Models

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2020.102096openalex-snapshot

A novel architecture for web-based attack detection using convolutional neural network

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2022.102940openalex-snapshot

Extreme minority class detection in imbalanced data for network intrusion

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Twenty-two years since revealing cross-site scripting attacks: A systematic mapping and a comprehensive survey

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsp.2025.105153openalex-snapshot

One-class IoT anomaly detection system using an improved interpolated deep SVDD autoencoder with adversarial regularizer

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2021.103270openalex-snapshot

An enhanced deep learning based framework for web attacks detection, mitigation and attacker profiling

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.04.085openalex-snapshot

Siam-IDS: Handling class imbalance problem in Intrusion Detection Systems using Siamese Neural Network

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.12.070openalex-snapshot

Web attacks detection using stacked generalization ensemble for LSTMs and word embedding

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Robust Ensemble Machine Learning Model for Filtering Phishing URLs: Expandable Random Gradient Stacked Voting Classifier (ERG-SVC)

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AE-Net: Novel Autoencoder-Based Deep Features for SQL Injection Attack Detection

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/asru.2013.6707742openalex-snapshot

Hybrid speech recognition with Deep Bidirectional LSTM

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/cfis.2018.8336654openalex-snapshot

An anomaly detection method to detect web attacks using Stacked Auto-Encoder

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Investigating the Impact of Heuristic Algorithms on Cyberthreat Detection

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom41043.2020.9155278openalex-snapshot

ZeroWall: Detecting Zero-Day Web Attacks through Encoder-Decoder Recurrent Neural Networks

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/msec.2019.2961649openalex-snapshot

Machine Learning for Web Vulnerability Detection: The Case of Cross-Site Request Forgery

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/sin56466.2022.9970545openalex-snapshot

SWAF: A Smart Web Application Firewall Based on Convolutional Neural Network

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Dynamic defenses and the transferability of adversarial examples

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2024.3453748openalex-snapshot

Detecting Web Attacks From HTTP Weblogs Using Variational LSTM Autoencoder Deviation Network

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3171592.3171594openalex-snapshot

Anomaly-Based Web Attack Detection

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3597926.3598116openalex-snapshot

Splendor: Static Detection of Stored XSS in Modern Web Applications

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3609333openalex-snapshot

A Survey on Explainable Anomaly Detection

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3627673.3680064openalex-snapshot

Towards a Zero-Day Anomaly Detector in Cyber Physical Systems Using a Hybrid VAE-LSTM-OCSVM Model

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3639476.3639772openalex-snapshot

Synthesis of Allowlists for Runtime Protection against SQLi

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5280158openalex-snapshot

Web Application Firewall Using Machine Learning and Features Engineering

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2415288openalex-snapshot

MC-MLDCNN: Multichannel Multilayer Dilated Convolutional Neural Networks for Web Attack Detection

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1504/ijwgs.2020.106128openalex-snapshot

An efficient algorithm and tool for detecting dangerous website vulnerabilities

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.15439/2022f147openalex-snapshot

Web Intrusion Detection Using Character Level Machine Learning Approaches with Upsampled Data

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202503.0313.v1openalex-snapshot

GenXSS: an AI-Driven Framework for Automated Detection of XSS Attacks in WAFs

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.21608/auej.2023.213003.1375openalex-snapshot

Multi-Class Intrusion Detection System using Deep Learning

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.26599/tst.2019.9010051openalex-snapshot

A hybrid unsupervised clustering-based anomaly detection method

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116355openalex-snapshot

A Systematic Literature Review of Information Security in Chatbots

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/app132111763openalex-snapshot

A Static Detection Method for SQL Injection Vulnerability Based on Program Transformation

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10101148openalex-snapshot

PF-TL: Payload Feature-Based Transfer Learning for Dealing with the Lack of Training Data

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010008openalex-snapshot

GenSQLi: A Generative Artificial Intelligence Framework for Automatically Securing Web Application Firewalls Against Structured Query Language Injection Attacks

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14050200openalex-snapshot

Urban Street Network Configuration and Property Crime: An Empirical Multivariate Case Study

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/iot5020011openalex-snapshot

Enhancing Automatic Modulation Recognition for IoT Applications Using Transformers

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/math11153286openalex-snapshot

Deep Learning Architecture for Detecting SQL Injection Attacks Based on RNN Autoencoder Model

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042073openalex-snapshot

Deep Learning Technique-Enabled Web Application Firewall for the Detection of Web Attacks

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084141openalex-snapshot

A Lightweight Intelligent Network Intrusion Detection System Using One-Class Autoencoder and Ensemble Learning for IoT

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5121/acii.2016.3104openalex-snapshot

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Beetle‐Optimized Hybrid Ensemble for Multi‐Attack Classification in VANETs

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Zero‐Tuned Peripheral Stacked Ensemble Model for Enhanced Attack Detection and Mitigation in Next‐Generation Vehicular Networks

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-26319-3_36openalex-snapshot

Hybrid Cyber Threat and Behavioral Detection Using Supervised and Unsupervised Models for Real-Time Web Systems

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An interpretable information fusion approach to impute meteorological missing values toward cross-domain intelligent forecasting

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FP-LSTM: a federated proximal LSTM autoencoder framework for zero-day cyberattack detection

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Shopformer: Transformer-Based Framework for Detecting Shoplifting via Human Pose

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Deep Learning-Based Steganalysis and Zero-Day Exploit Detection of Hidden Malware and Adversarial Deception Attacks - A Survey

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/iceei68459.2025.11330263openalex-snapshot

Behavioral Biometrics-Based Intrusion Detection in Online Banking Using LSTM Networks

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Deep Learning and Real-Time Cyber Threat Intelligence Correlation-Based AI-Powered Intrusion Detection Systems for Cloud Computing Platforms

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/icicds70526.2026.11604639openalex-snapshot

A Review of Unsupervised Learning Techniques for Zero-Day Attack Detection

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/iciice69672.2026.11565100openalex-snapshot

Deep Learning-Powered Intrusion Detection and Prevention System for Web-Based Attacks

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/icngcs64900.2025.11183151openalex-snapshot

Real-Time Phishing URL Detection Using Gated Recurrent Units and Character-Level Embedding

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Generative AI-Driven Framework for Zero-Day Attack Prediction in Next-Gen Cybersecurity Using FusionGuardNet with DualInstinct Optimizer

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Deep Feature Fusion with Ensemble Learning for Robust & Scalable Detection of DDoS, Zero-Day & Malware Attacks

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Conceptual Principles for Developing Specialised Neural Network Modules for Cyberattack Detection Based on Vector Classification and Economic Damage Assessment

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Dual-Channel Mamba-Based Semantic–Behavioral Feature Learning with Prototype-Guided Zero-Shot Inference for Zero-Day Malware Detection

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/info16110939openalex-snapshot

ZeroDay-LLM: A Large Language Model Framework for Zero-Day Threat Detection in Cybersecurity

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/network6020023openalex-snapshot

Adaptive Decision-Level Intrusion Detection for Known and Zero-Day Attacks

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25aug324openalex-snapshot

Machine Learning-Based Detection of SQL Injection and Data Exfiltration Through Behavioral Profiling of Relational Query Patterns

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