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A Systematic Literature Review on Load-Balancing Techniques in Fog Computing: Architectures, Strategies, and Emerging Trends

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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.5913openalex-snapshot
Leveraging energy‐efficient load balancing algorithms in fog computing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.7951openalex-snapshot
e‐TOALB: An efficient task offloading in IoT‐fog networks
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.8109openalex-snapshot
An ML‐based task clustering and placement using hybrid Jaya‐gray wolf optimization in fog‐cloud ecosystem
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.8275openalex-snapshot
Improved deep network‐based load predictor and optimal load balancing in cloud‐fog services
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.2722openalex-snapshot
Load balancing aware scheduling algorithms for fog networks
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.3132openalex-snapshot
Scheduling algorithms for truly heterogeneous hierarchical fog networks
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-023-09041-8openalex-snapshot
Quality of service-based machine learning in fog computing networks for e-healthcare services with data storage system
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-019-00786-5openalex-snapshot
Quantumized approach of load scheduling in fog computing environment for IoT applications
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-022-01120-2openalex-snapshot
Fog-Cloud-IoT centric collaborative framework for machine learning-based situation-aware traffic management in urban spaces
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-022-01147-5openalex-snapshot
Task scheduling in edge-fog-cloud architecture: a multi-objective load balancing approach using reinforcement learning algorithm
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-023-01216-3openalex-snapshot
A decentralized prediction-based workflow load balancing architecture for cloud/fog/IoT environments
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-021-01649-2openalex-snapshot
Effective scheduling algorithm for load balancing in fog environment using CNN and MPSO
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-021-03371-8openalex-snapshot
Multi-objective Task Scheduling in cloud-fog computing using goal programming approach
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-022-03554-xopenalex-snapshot
Energy efficient load balancing hybrid priority assigned laxity algorithm in fog computing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-022-03912-9openalex-snapshot
Bi-level optimization of resource allocation and appliance scheduling in residential areas using a Fog of Things (FOT) framework
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-023-03982-3openalex-snapshot
A taxonomy of load balancing algorithms and approaches in fog computing: a survey
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-023-04219-zopenalex-snapshot
A hybrid approach for fault-tolerance aware load balancing in fog computing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-024-04625-xopenalex-snapshot
HOGWO: a fog inspired optimized load balancing approach using hybridized grey wolf algorithm
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10723-021-09584-wopenalex-snapshot
FOCALB: Fog Computing Architecture of Load Balancing for Scientific Workflow Applications
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10723-021-09591-xopenalex-snapshot
A Secure IoT Applications Allocation Framework for Integrated Fog-Cloud Environment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-17632-8openalex-snapshot
Pelican optimization algorithm with blockchain for secure load balancing in fog computing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-020-03600-8openalex-snapshot
A systematic study of load balancing approaches in the fog computing environment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-022-04345-2openalex-snapshot
An analytical modelling and QoS evaluation of fault-tolerant load balancer and web servers in fog computing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-022-04626-wopenalex-snapshot
A popularity-aware and energy-efficient offloading mechanism in fog computing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-022-04797-6openalex-snapshot
HBI-LB: A Dependable Fault-Tolerant Load Balancing Approach for Fog based Internet-of-Things Environment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-023-05571-yopenalex-snapshot
An optimized resource scheduling algorithm based on GA and ACO algorithm in fog computing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-024-03811-4openalex-snapshot
A novel multi-objective optimized DAG task scheduling strategy for fog computing based on container migration mechanism
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-024-11510-8openalex-snapshot
Delay-Aware and Energy-Efficient Task Scheduling Using Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm II in Fog-Cloud Computing Paradigm
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-021-01125-2openalex-snapshot
Reliable scheduling and load balancing for requests in cloud-fog computing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-022-01436-yopenalex-snapshot
An Edge-Fog-Cloud computing architecture for IoT and smart metering data
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-020-01768-8openalex-snapshot
A load balancing and optimization strategy (LBOS) using reinforcement learning in fog computing environment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-020-02245-yopenalex-snapshot
Low-latency cloud-fog network architecture and its load balancing strategy for medical big data
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-023-04544-6openalex-snapshot
An efficient meta-heuristic resource allocation with load balancing in IoT-Fog-cloud computing environment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2024.111391openalex-snapshot
Optimizing workload distribution in Fog-Cloud ecosystem: A JAYA based meta-heuristic for energy-efficient applications
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2020.01.007openalex-snapshot
Research on the optimization of IIoT data processing latency
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2023.12.016openalex-snapshot
DCSP: A delay and cost-aware service placement and load distribution algorithm for IoT-based fog networks
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2022.109483openalex-snapshot
Optimum Scheduling in Fog Computing Using the Divisible Load Theory (Dlt) with Linear and Nonlinear Loads
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2023.110095openalex-snapshot
Privacy-aware load balancing in fog networks: A reinforcement learning approach
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110805openalex-snapshot
Efficient load distribution in heterogeneous vehicular networks using hierarchical controllers
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2021.107603openalex-snapshot
Quality-aware energy efficient scheduling model for fog computing comprised IoT network
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.119895openalex-snapshot
A Hybrid and Light Weight Metaheuristic Approach with Clustering for Multi-Objective Resource Scheduling and Application Placement in Fog Environment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2024.123192openalex-snapshot
A predictive energy-aware scheduling strategy for scientific workflows in fog computing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125212openalex-snapshot
Drawer Cosine optimization enabled task offloading in fog computing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.01.060openalex-snapshot
Towards energy efficient service composition in green energy powered Cyber–Physical Fog Systems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2019.09.060openalex-snapshot
Saving time and cost on the scheduling of fog-based IoT applications using deep reinforcement learning approach
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2022.11.012openalex-snapshot
FedDOVe: A Federated Deep Q-learning-based Offloading for Vehicular fog computing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2023.11.022openalex-snapshot
A scalable modified deep reinforcement learning algorithm for serverless IoT microservice composition infrastructure in fog layer
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2024.03.010openalex-snapshot
Microservice instances selection and load balancing in fog computing using deep reinforcement learning approach
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2024.101185openalex-snapshot
FOLD: Fog-dew infrastructure-aided optimal workload distribution for cloud robotic operations
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2024.101293openalex-snapshot
Fuzzy logic trust-based fog node selection
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2024.09.003openalex-snapshot
A self-configuration framework for balancing services in the fog of things
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102393openalex-snapshot
PF-BTS: A Privacy-Aware Fog-enhanced Blockchain-assisted task scheduling
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2022.103404openalex-snapshot
S-FoS: A secure workflow scheduling approach for performance optimization in SDN-based IoT-Fog networks
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.10.002openalex-snapshot
Optimal deploying IoT services on the fog computing: A metaheuristic-based multi-objective approach
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102788openalex-snapshot
Performance comparison of container orchestration platforms with low cost devices in the fog, assisting Internet of Things applications
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2023.104760openalex-snapshot
HeRAFC: Heuristic resource allocation and optimization in MultiFog-Cloud environment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2023.111910openalex-snapshot
MicroFog: A framework for scalable placement of microservices-based IoT applications in federated Fog environments
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2023.104893openalex-snapshot
Resilience and load balancing in Fog networks: A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis approach
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmcj.2020.101221openalex-snapshot
Distributed load balancing for heterogeneous fog computing infrastructures in smart cities
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.03.083openalex-snapshot
An Architecture for QoS-Aware Fog Service Provisioning
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2019.102034openalex-snapshot
Fog to cloud and network coded based architecture: Minimizing data download time for smart mobility
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2021.102369openalex-snapshot
Multicriteria scheduling of linear workflows with dynamically varying structure on distributed platforms
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2020.100454openalex-snapshot
Energy- and performance-aware load-balancing in vehicular fog computing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2022.100744openalex-snapshot
Distributed service placement in hierarchical fog environments
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2022.100766openalex-snapshot
Effective load balancing strategy using fuzzy golden eagle optimization in fog computing environment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2022.100787openalex-snapshot
An improved discrete harris hawk optimization algorithm for efficient workflow scheduling in multi-fog computing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2023.100893openalex-snapshot
An Efficient Task Allocation with Fuzzy Reptile Search Algorithm for Disaster Management in urban and rural area
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2023.100894openalex-snapshot
An energy efficient and secure model using chaotic levy flight deep Q-learning in healthcare system
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxad019openalex-snapshot
Mobility and Security Aware Real-Time Task Scheduling in Fog-Cloud Computing for IoT Devices: A Fuzzy-Logic Approach
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2983440openalex-snapshot
A Delay-Tolerant Data Transmission Scheme for Internet of Vehicles Based on Software Defined Cloud-Fog Networks
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3035181openalex-snapshot
Dynamic Energy Efficient Resource Allocation Strategy for Load Balancing in Fog Environment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3054420openalex-snapshot
Multi-Level Resource Sharing Framework Using Collaborative Fog Environment for Smart Cities
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3357122openalex-snapshot
An Energy-Aware Task Offloading and Load Balancing for Latency-Sensitive IoT Applications in the Fog-Cloud Continuum
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3376670openalex-snapshot
A Novel Offloading Mechanism Leveraging Fuzzy Logic and Deep Reinforcement Learning to Improve IoT Application Performance in a Three-Layer Architecture Within the Fog-Cloud Environment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3412754openalex-snapshot
Secure and Fine-Grained Access Control With Optimized Revocation for Outsourced IoT EHRs With Adaptive Load-Sharing in Fog-Assisted Cloud Environment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3455168openalex-snapshot
Vehicular Fog Resource Allocation Approach for VANETs Based on Deep Adaptive Reinforcement Learning Combined With Heuristic Information
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc51664.2024.10454697openalex-snapshot
Queue-Length-Based Offloading for Delay Sensitive Applications in Federated Cloud-Edge-Fog Systems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/coins51742.2021.9524098openalex-snapshot
Task Offloading for Edge-Fog-Cloud Interplay in the Healthcare Internet of Things (IoT)
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/confluence47617.2020.9057799openalex-snapshot
Offloading in Cloud and Fog Hybrid Infrastructure Using iFogSim
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc/picom/cbdcom/cy55231.2022.9927781openalex-snapshot
A blockchain based approach for Fog infrastructure management leveraging on Non-Fungible Tokens
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/ds-rt52167.2021.9576148openalex-snapshot
Cloudlet Dwell Time Model and Resource Availability for Vehicular Fog Computing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/ic2e59103.2023.00033openalex-snapshot
Identifying Nearest Fog Nodes With Network Coordinate Systems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/icfec51620.2021.00020openalex-snapshot
Performance Evaluation of Some Adaptive Task Allocation Algorithms for Fog Networks
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/icitiit49094.2020.9071523openalex-snapshot
Optimizing the Computational Offloading Decision in Cloud-Fog Environment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/indin51773.2022.9976147openalex-snapshot
Dynamic Task Offloading Approach for Task Delay Reduction in the IoT-enabled Fog Computing Systems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/ipdpsw63119.2024.00159openalex-snapshot
KOptim: Kubernetes Optimization Framework
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2016.2584538openalex-snapshot
Fog and IoT: An Overview of Research Opportunities
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2017.2750180openalex-snapshot
Mobile Edge Computing: A Survey
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.2982670openalex-snapshot
Joint Task Offloading and QoS-Aware Resource Allocation in Fog-Enabled Internet-of-Things Networks
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.2991481openalex-snapshot
Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation in Fog Computing Networks With the Candidate Mechanism
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3172470openalex-snapshot
A Methodology and Simulation-Based Toolchain for Estimating Deployment Performance of Smart Collective Services at the Edge
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3292308openalex-snapshot
Airborne Computing: A Toolkit for UAV-Assisted Federated Computing for Sustainable Smart Cities
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2022.3171534openalex-snapshot
Joint Energy and Workload Scheduling for Fog-Assisted Multimicrogrid Systems: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/mwscas47672.2021.9531857openalex-snapshot
SaFIoV: A Secure and Fast Communication in Fog-based Internet-of-Vehicles using SDN and Blockchain
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/percomworkshops53856.2022.9767498openalex-snapshot
On real-time scheduling in Fog computing: A Reinforcement Learning algorithm with application to smart cities
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658962openalex-snapshot
Towards Sustainability using an Edge-Fog-Cloud Architecture for Demand-Side Management
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2021.3089634openalex-snapshot
Uncertainty-Aware Management of Smart Grids Using Cloud-Based LSTM-Prediction Interval
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2021.3071328openalex-snapshot
Optimal Distribution of Workloads in Cloud-Fog Architecture in Intelligent Vehicular Networks
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2020.3026194openalex-snapshot
A Queueing Game Based Management Framework for Fog Computing With Strategic Computing Speed Control
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2022.3232205openalex-snapshot
Revenue Maximizing Online Service Function Chain Deployment in Multi-Tier Computing Network
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2021.3099897openalex-snapshot
Faster Fog Computing Based Over-the-Air Vehicular Updates: A Transfer Learning Approach
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2022.3174475openalex-snapshot
Load Balancing Algorithms in Fog Computing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tsc.2023.3265883openalex-snapshot
A Load Balancing Algorithm for Equalising Latency Across Fog or Edge Computing Nodes
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2021.3097005openalex-snapshot
A Distributed Algorithm for Task Offloading in Vehicular Networks With Hybrid Fog/Cloud Computing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/wcncw48565.2020.9124738openalex-snapshot
Intelligent Deployment of Dedicated Servers: Rebalancing the Computing Resource in IoT
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3183701openalex-snapshot
Differential Grey Wolf Load-Balanced Stochastic Bellman Deep Reinforced Resource Allocation in Fog Environment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.12785/ijcds/130158openalex-snapshot
Load Balancing in Fog Computing: A Detailed Survey
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.23919/jcn.2023.000008openalex-snapshot
Dynamic collaborative task offloading for delay minimization in the heterogeneous fog computing systems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.23919/softcom50211.2020.9238309openalex-snapshot
Machine Learning Based Task Distribution in Heterogeneous Fog-Cloud Environments
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2022.023234openalex-snapshot
Optimal Resource Allocation in Fog Computing for Healthcare Applications
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2023.035602openalex-snapshot
Latency-Aware Dynamic Second Offloading Service in SDN-Based Fog Architecture
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12071511openalex-snapshot
Fog Computing Resource-Scheduling Strategy in IoT Based on Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13120320openalex-snapshot
Fog-Based CDN Framework for Minimizing Latency of Web Services Using Fog-Based HTTP Browser
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912951openalex-snapshot
Energy-Efficient and Secure Load Balancing Technique for SDN-Enabled Fog Computing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1986openalex-snapshot
Design of load-aware resource allocation for heterogeneous fog computing systems

What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10791-026-10550-xopenalex-snapshot
Bibliometric insights and conceptual grid framework for load balancing in fog computing for smart city
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-026-08316-9openalex-snapshot
Optimized-based load balancing in a hybrid cloud–fog architecture
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Hierarchical multi-scale co-interactive deep reinforcement learning for evolutionary games in dynamic complex networks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2026.108538openalex-snapshot
LEaD: Latency and Energy-aware load balancing for Dependent and independent tasks in IoT-fog networks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2025.110847openalex-snapshot
A comprehensive review of task offloading methods in Vehicular Fog Computing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1108/ijius-05-2026-0176openalex-snapshot
Enhancing the manufacturing processes and productivity in Industry 5.0 with the integration of machine learning and cyber-physical systems
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/icasst68917.2026.11484405openalex-snapshot
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inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/icesic67389.2026.11496445openalex-snapshot
Efficient Task Execution Model with System Safety Using Edge Convolutional Neural Networks in Computer Vision Cloud Service
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/iipem65914.2025.11548242openalex-snapshot
Priority-Aware Heuristic Load Balancing Framework for IoT Applications in Fog–Cloud Environments
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/nmitcon65824.2025.11188207openalex-snapshot
Environment-Aware Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework for Adaptive Task Offloading in Fog Networks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7334718/v1openalex-snapshot
Advances and Challenges in TinyML-Based Water Trace Element Monitoring
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7335820/v1openalex-snapshot
Technological Integration for Micronutrient Monitoring in Water Systems
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6235872openalex-snapshot
Robust Energy–Latency Co-Optimization for Power Allocation and Computation Offloading in Edge Computing Systems Under Uncertainty
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2026.1739223openalex-snapshot
Dynamic request-aware fog-node deployment for latency reduction using RTKDE and EHWMA
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11060392openalex-snapshot
Fog Task Scheduling Using Quality-Source-Driven Multi-Anchor Synchronized Search Algorithm
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