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Comparative Investigation of Traditional Machine-Learning Models and Transformer Models for Phishing Email Detection

https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13244877

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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84858-7openalex-snapshot

The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2023.103387openalex-snapshot

Mitigation strategies against the phishing attacks: A systematic literature review

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2018.09.029openalex-snapshot

Machine learning based phishing detection from URLs

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2023.02.039openalex-snapshot

CNN-Fusion: An effective and lightweight phishing detection method based on multi-variant ConvNet

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3183083openalex-snapshot

A Systematic Literature Review on Phishing Email Detection Using Natural Language Processing Techniques

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/iccit57492.2022.10055390openalex-snapshot

A Hybrid Classification Technique using Belief Rule Based Semi-Supervised Learning

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/icssit48917.2020.9214225openalex-snapshot

Phishing Attacks Detection using Machine Learning Approach

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.13140/rg.2.2.27576.15364openalex-snapshot

Phishing Defense Mechanisms: Strategies for Effective Measurement and Cyber Threat Mitigation

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-demos.6openalex-snapshot

Transformers: State-of-the-Art Natural Language Processing

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.19101/ijatee.2021.875031openalex-snapshot

A literature review on classification of phishing attacks

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.20473/jaki.v8i1.2020.56-64openalex-snapshot

SOCIAL ENGINEERING AS AN EVOLUTIONARY THREAT TO INFORMATION SECURITY IN HEALTHCARE ORGANIZATIONS

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2021.563060openalex-snapshot

Phishing Attacks: A Recent Comprehensive Study and a New Anatomy

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12071642openalex-snapshot

Analysis of the Performance Impact of Fine-Tuned Machine Learning Model for Phishing URL Detection

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12204261openalex-snapshot

Phishing Email Detection Model Using Deep Learning

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13020322openalex-snapshot

A Review of Generative Models in Generating Synthetic Attack Data for Cybersecurity

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13112034openalex-snapshot

Next-Generation Spam Filtering: Comparative Fine-Tuning of LLMs, NLPs, and CNN Models for Email Spam Classification

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/make3030034openalex-snapshot

A Survey of Machine Learning-Based Solutions for Phishing Website Detection

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084117openalex-snapshot

A Critical Cybersecurity Analysis and Future Research Directions for the Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Review

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310612openalex-snapshot

Email Security Issues, Tools, and Techniques Used in Investigation

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5120/ijca2017913417openalex-snapshot

A Survey of Email Service; Attacks, Security Methods and Protocols

What points at this work

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Bidirectional GRU-Enhanced Deep Learning Framework for Reliable Classification of False Narratives

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Robustness and interpretability of phishing detectors under generative AI shifts

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A safety-constrained platform for multilingual phishing simulation and hybrid detection across mobile and email channels in English, Russian, and Kazakh

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An entropy-guided hybrid framework for real-time phishing detection in digital communication systems

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Evolution of Phishing Detection: From Traditional Methods to Explainable AI

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Multimodal Phishing Detection on Social Networking Sites: A Systematic Review

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Developing Effective Techniques for the Recognition of Shanghai Dialect Text

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inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/compas67506.2025.11381774openalex-snapshot

Real-Time Incremental Transformer with Continual Learning for Adaptive Phishing Email Detection

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/datascimi67380.2026.11523960openalex-snapshot

A Comparative Study of Transformer-Based Models for Multi-Class SMS Phishing Detection

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/evst69093.2026.11660582openalex-snapshot

Detection and Prevention of Phishing E-mails using Artificial Intelligence: A Deep Learning Approach using BiLSTM and Attention

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Phishnet: An OCR-Augmented Multi-Modal Deep Learning Framework for Detecting Next-Generation Phishing Attacks

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Comparative Study of Machine Learning, Transformer, and Generative Models for Sentiment Analysis

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A Hybrid Transformer Architecture for Phishing Email Detection Using Lexical and Statistical Features

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A Deep Learning Approach for Detecting Social Engineering Attack

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Multi - Level Attention and Contrastive Learning for Enhanced Text Classification with an Optimized Transformer

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Sovereign AI Defense: Bilingual LLM-Driven Phishing Detection for Low-Resource Languages

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Predicting User Susceptibility to Phishing Attacks Using Behavioral Feature Engineering for Adaptive Cybersecurity Training

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Multi-Agent Phishing Detection And Deletion via Small VLM and LLM Reasoning

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Phishing Malware Classification and Detection using Deep Learning

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AI Against AI: A Text-Vectorization-Driven Framework for Detecting LLM-Generated Phishing Emails using Classical ML and Deep Learning

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Robust Smishing Detection: Evaluating Transformers Against Character-Level Adversarial Attacks

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Comparative Analysis of Classical Machine Learning and Transformer-Based Models for Phishing URL Detection

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/icssit69151.2026.11656558openalex-snapshot

Performance and Explainability of Open-Weight Large Language Models for Spam Email Detection

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A Systematic Literature Review of Phishing Attacks: A Study of Machine Learning Methods and Their Effectiveness in E-Commerce

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Detecting Human-Written and AI-Generated Phishing Emails with DistilBERT and Explainable AI

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/infocom59046.2026.11571297openalex-snapshot

LRAF: LLM-Assisted Risk-Attribute Framework for Phishing Email Detection

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A Multi-Source Machine Learning Framework for Phishing E-Mail Detection Using TF-IDF Features

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/lt68265.2026.11592564openalex-snapshot

Evaluating Multi-Agent Models for Social Engineering Attacks Prevention

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/satc69565.2026.11542508openalex-snapshot

Applications and Limitations of Large Language Models in Digital Forensics: A Survey

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Enhanced Phishing Payload Detection Using Fine-Tuned DistilBERT and XAI-Based NLP Models

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Email Classification System Using Cascaded BERT-Based NLP Models with CO 2 Emission Tracking

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A Multi-Layer Phishing Defense Framework for Trusted Cloud Environments

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Efficient Romanian Email Phishing Detection Using Enhanced BERT-based Language Models

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Comparative Analysis of Transformer-Based and ClassicalMachine Learning Models for Phishing Email Detection:A Multi-Source Dataset Evaluation with Explainability

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An AI-Powered Browser Extension Using Roberta and XAI for Phishing Email Detection and Security Awareness

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In-Depth Analysis of Phishing Email Detection: Evaluating the Performance of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models Across Multiple Datasets

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