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Measuring symbol and icon characteristics: Norms for concreteness, complexity, meaningfulness, familiarity, and semantic distance for 239 symbols
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What this work says
Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1006/imms.1993.1080openalex-snapshot
Iconic reference: evolving perspectives and an organizing framework
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85607-6openalex-snapshot
Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2021
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-6870(85)90021-3openalex-snapshot
Information design — The design and evaluation of signs and printed material
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(68)90012-3openalex-snapshot
Population stereotypy in code design
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0953-5438(94)90024-8openalex-snapshot
Development and validation of icons varying in their abstractness
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7373(86)80007-4openalex-snapshot
Icon-based human-computer interaction
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5371(66)80061-0openalex-snapshot
Parameters of abstraction, meaningfulness, and pronunciability for 329 nouns
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1017/s002081830001701xopenalex-snapshot
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.6.2.174openalex-snapshot
A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025327openalex-snapshot
Concreteness, imagery, and meaningfulness values for 925 nouns.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076624openalex-snapshot
Interpretability of graphic symbols as a function of context and experience factors.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/135131a0openalex-snapshot
Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/00140137008931127openalex-snapshot
The Perception of Symbols for Machine Displays
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/00140138308963379openalex-snapshot
Stereotypy in pictograms of abstract concepts
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/01449298608914502openalex-snapshot
The role of graphics in item selection from menus
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/01449298708901853openalex-snapshot
Evidence for global feature superiority in menu selection by icons
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/14640748108400805openalex-snapshot
The MRC Psycholinguistic Database
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1987.tb02229.xopenalex-snapshot
Pictorial communication of abstract verbs in relation to human‐computer interaction
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/001872087902100203openalex-snapshot
Rapid Comprehension of Verbal and Symbolic Traffic Sign Messages
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/001872088302500107openalex-snapshot
The Effects of Extended Practice on the Evaluation of Visual Display Codes
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/001872088302500604openalex-snapshot
The Formatting of Alphanumeric Displays: A Review and Analysis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/154193128703100128openalex-snapshot
Learning and Preference for Icon-Based Interface
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/154193129003400108openalex-snapshot
An Evaluation of the Augie Arrow Hud Symbology as an Aid to Recovery from Unusual Attitudes
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/154193129103500525openalex-snapshot
Transfer between Icon Sets and Ratings of Icon Concreteness and Appropriateness
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci0401_1openalex-snapshot
Earcons and Icons: Their Structure and Common Design Principles
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1518/107118192786749784openalex-snapshot
Tactical Symbology Standards
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/2016224openalex-snapshot
Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3403/00199396uopenalex-snapshot
Specification for audiovisual, video and television equipment and systems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3403/bs5817openalex-snapshot
Specification for audio-visual, video and television equipment and systems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03200540openalex-snapshot
Naming times for the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03200541openalex-snapshot
A set of 254 Snodgrass-Vanderwart pictures standardized for Spanish: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03201693openalex-snapshot
Age-of-acquisition, imagery, concreteness, familiarity, and ambiguity measures for 1,944 words
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03203275openalex-snapshot
The Toronto Word Pool: Norms for imagery, concreteness, orthographic variables, and grammatical usage for 1,080 words
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03203869openalex-snapshot
Dates of entry and measures of imagery, concreteness, goodness, and familiarity for 1,046 words sampled from theOxford English Dictionary
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03204446openalex-snapshot
Imagery, concreteness, goodness, and familiarity ratings for 500 proverbs sampled from theOxford Dictionary of English Proverbs
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.886openalex-snapshot
Norms for Name and Concept Agreement, Familiarity, Visual Complexity and Image Agreement on a Set of 216 Pictures
What points at this work
Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.
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The Association between Aesthetic Appeal and Semantic Distance of Icons Varying in Concreteness: Shedding Light on the Aesthetic-Usability Effect
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How are icons processed by the brain? Neuroimaging measures of four types of visual stimuli used in information systems
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1002/mcda.70010openalex-snapshot
Icons for Software Implementations of Interactive Multiobjective Optimization Methods: A Semantic Distance Study
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Icon Use by Different Language Groups: Changes in Icon Perception in Accordance with Cue Utility
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Effects of Mobile Application Icon Complexity and Border on College Students’ Cognition
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Which Properties Has an Icon? A Critical Discussion on Data Protection Iconography
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Translation Design Strategy of Mobile Phone Patterns from the Perspective of Intangible Cultural Heritage Digitization
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The Effects of Icon Characteristics on Users’ Perception
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17738-0_1openalex-snapshot
Effect of Cultural Differences and Referent Characteristics on the Design of Pictographic Map Symbols
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40030-3_16openalex-snapshot
Study on the Effects of Semantic Memory on Icon Complexity in Cognitive Domain
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Investigating the Comprehension of Public Symbols for Wayfinding in Transit Hubs in China
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Effectiveness Research of Safety Signs in Coal Mines Based on Eye Movement Experiment
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The Effects of Icon Characteristics on Search Time
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How Much Traffic Signs in Iran Are Usable? A Use of System Usability Scale (SUS)
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The Role of Working Memory and Long Term Memory in Deaf Users’ Hypertext Navigation: Review of Guidelines for Web Accessibility
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02728-4_17openalex-snapshot
Visual Complexity: Is That All There Is?
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Graphics and Semantics: The Relationship between What Is Seen and What Is Meant in Icon Design
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Beyond Emoticons: Combining Affect and Cognition in Icon Design
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The Impact of Perceived Cognitive Effectiveness on Perceived Usefulness of Visual Conceptual Modeling Languages
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Usability Study of Icon Designs with Social Network Functions
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Ease of Icon Processing Can Predict Icon Appeal
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Exploring Elderly and Young Users’ Perceptions of Video Exercise on Mobile Fitness Applications
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Multidimensional six-stage model for flood emergency response in schools: a case study of Pakistan
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Development of measurement instrument for visual qualities of graphical user interface elements (VISQUAL): a test in the context of mobile game icons
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Applying Axiomatic Method to Icon Design for Process Control Displays
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The guessability of traffic signs: Effects of prospective-user factors and sign design features
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Computerized measures of visual complexity
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The effects of age on symbol comprehension in central rail hubs in Taiwan
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The effects of sign design features on bicycle pictorial symbols for bicycling facility signs
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Matching performance of vehicle icons in graphical and textual formats
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What makes icons appealing? The role of processing fluency in predicting icon appeal in different task contexts
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Semantic distance as a critical factor in icon design for in-car infotainment systems
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Are ergonomically designed road signs more easily learned?
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Preference ranking test for different icon design formats for smart living room and bathroom functions
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Skeuomorphic or flat icons for an efficient visual search by younger and older adults?
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Perceptions of the International Symbol of Accessibility among nondisabled university students in Hong Kong
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Do symbol and device matter? The effects of symbol choice of fake news flags and device on human interaction with fake news on social media platforms
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Effects of computer icons and figure/background area ratios and color combinations on visual search performance on an LCD monitor
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Icon-function relationship in toolbar icons
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Design standards for icons: The independent role of aesthetics, visual complexity and concreteness in icon design and icon understanding
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The effect of icon patterns on user attention and memory
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A study on the effects of routing symbol design on process model comprehension
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Attitudes of semi-literate and literate bank account holders to the use of automatic teller machines (ATMs)
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Investigation of guessability of industrial safety signs: Effects of prospective-user factors and cognitive sign features
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Effects of sign design features and training on comprehension of traffic signs in Taiwanese and Vietnamese user groups
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Comprehension and redesign of recently introduced water-sport prohibitive symbols in South Korea
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The effects of icon internal characteristics on complex cognition
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Neumorphic or flat? Impact of icon depth on user attention and visual search efficiency
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Semantic distance of icons: Impact on user cognitive performance and a new model for semantic distance classification
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Developing icons for older adults: The roles of icon design categories, text labels, and learning strategies
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The effects of icon salience, familiarity and concreteness on visual load and behavioral performance
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Effects of contextual richness and observable interaction on eHMI icon comprehension in autonomous vehicle scenarios
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Food-pics-PT: Portuguese validation of food images in 10 subjective evaluative dimensions
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The quality of escalator signage for public safety in Malaysia: an observational study
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Elderly users’ perceptions of signage systems from tertiary hospitals in Guangzhou
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A taxonomy of representation strategies in iconic communication
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The association between aesthetic appeal and semantic distance of icons varying in concreteness: Shedding light on the aesthetic-usability effect
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The effects of driver factors and sign design features on the comprehensibility of traffic signs
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Effects of prospective-user factors and sign design features on guessability of pharmaceutical pictograms
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Visualization and Comprehension of Opening Instructions in Child Resistant Packaging
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Survey on eHMI concepts: The effect of text, color, and perspective
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Effects of traffic context on eHMI icon comprehension
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Systematization of Information Related to Events on Expressway
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Portuguese Norms of Name Agreement, Concept Familiarity, Subjective Frequency and Visual Complexity for 150 Colored and Tridimensional Pictures
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Searching for signs, symbols, and icons: Effects of time of day, visual complexity, and grouping.
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A comparative investigation of machine learning algorithms for predicting safety signs comprehension based on socio-demographic factors and cognitive sign features
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Semiotic Landscape, Code Choice and Exclusion
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Information structure and practice as facilitators of deaf users' navigation in textual websites
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Age-related differences in the initial usability of mobile device icons
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Icon format on the in-vehicle HMI affects drivers’ cognitive performance
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Keep it real, keep it simple: the effects of icon characteristics on visual search
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Study on the Differences of Icon Cognition of Graphical Interface for Age-Friendly Design
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Cultural interpretations of the visual meaning of icons and images used in North American web design
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Interface Adaptation to Novice Older Adults’ Mental Models through Concrete Metaphors
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Facing a Trend of Icon Simplicity: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials
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Applying Prototype Theory to Assess Generational Divide in Usability of Icons Depicting Product Appearance
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An Emotion-Dependent Dissociation in Emoji Communication: Neurophysiological and Behavioral Evidence
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The Guessing of Mine Safety Signs Meaning: Effects of User Factors and Cognitive Sign Features
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“I Am Allowed to Cough Here”: How Icon and Audience Characteristics Affect the Comprehension of Covid-19 Icons in the Netherlands and Flanders
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Comparing the valence, emotionality and subjective familiarity of words in a first and a second language
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A framework for redesigning traffic signs that consider icon formats, cognitive sign features, and the Smallest Graphical Detail principles for improving sign comprehension
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Re-conceptualizing recreation-based social worlds: examining the core characteristics of social worlds
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Investigation of the Effectiveness of Traffic Sign Training in Terms of Training Methods and Sign Characteristics
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Design and cognitive evaluation of 6 dynamic lane departure warning symbols
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Effect of a Japanese drug alert pictogram on medication-taking/driving behavior
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Heuristic Evaluation of Healthy Eating Apps for Older Adults
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Designing signs for children: a study of children’s drawings for safety signs
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The human factors of the conspicuous Babel fish; dyadic referencing through icons
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The Predictable Evolution of Letter Shapes
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Cortical dynamics of icon perception: effects of concreteness and attractiveness
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Understanding industrial safety signs: implications for occupational safety management
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The concreteness of searching module icons and their effectiveness in digital library applications
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Demographic factors have little effect on aesthetic perceptions of icons: a study of mobile game icons
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An Explorative Analysis of the Notational Characteristics of the Decision Model and Notation (DMN)
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An evaluation on the design of non-ISO vehicle icons
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Evaluation of Icons to Support Safety Risk Monitoring of Autonomous Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems
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Color fractal texture image complexity estimation using a convolutional neural network
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Qualitative study to identify icons characteristics on mobile phones applications interfaces
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Structure of traffic information related to suddenly occurring events on expressway
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The Effect of the Graphic Structures of Humanoid Robot on N200 and P300 Potentials
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Order of Magnitude Markers: An Empirical Study on Large Magnitude Number Detection
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Navigating sustainably within the urban environment: The role of environmental identity and attitudes on sign and object evaluation
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Information and affective valence influence judgments of complexity, liking and understanding
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EvIcon: Designing High‐Usability Icon with Human‐in‐the‐loop Exploration and IconCLIP
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A VISUAL PERCEPTION STUDY FOR DESIGN OF MESSAGE ICONS ON MOBILE PHONES
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An Evaluation Method of Visualization Using Visual Momentum Based on Eye-Tracking Data
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/1142405.1142457openalex-snapshot
Designing and evaluating glanceable peripheral displays
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858133openalex-snapshot
An EEG-based Approach for Evaluating Graphic Icons from the Perspective of Semantic Distance
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858462openalex-snapshot
Aesthetic Appeal and Visual Usability in Four Icon Design Eras
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User-Driven Design Principles for Gesture Representations
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Icon Concreteness Effect on Selection Speed and Accuracy
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SymbolFinder: Brainstorming Diverse Symbols Using Local Semantic Networks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3473856.3474004openalex-snapshot
Communication of Automated Vehicles and Pedestrian Groups: An Intercultural Study on Pedestrians’ Street Crossing Decisions
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Can Icons Outperform Text? Understanding the Role of Pictograms in OHMD Notifications
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ViFeed: Promoting Slow Eating and Food Awareness through Strategic Video Manipulation during Screen-Based Dining
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1145/3746059.3747792openalex-snapshot
ATCion: Exploring the Design of Icon-based Visual Aids for Enhancing In-cockpit Air Traffic Control Communication
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Understanding Aesthetics and Fitness Measures in Evolutionary Art Systems
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Reducing Light Use With Gain-and Loss-Framed Prompts: Field Experiments
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0020868x261442672openalex-snapshot
Interaction design contributions to standardisation of navigation icons
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0031512520969637openalex-snapshot
Aesthetic Evaluation of Computer Icons: Visual Pattern Differences Between Art-Trained and Lay Raters of Icons
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/02762374251391644openalex-snapshot
Exposure to Different Levels of Visual Complexity Influences Judgments of Complexity and Liking
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/10519815251351606openalex-snapshot
Identifying key influencing factors on coal mine safety sign effectiveness and their paths of action using a fuzzy DEMATEL-ISM model
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/154193120004403215openalex-snapshot
Users' Hazard Perceptions of Warning Components: An Examination of Colors and Symbols
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If the User Can't Find the Function, It isn't There: Usability of Digital Cameras for Novice Use
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On the Prediction of Pictorial Comprehension
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Semantic Information Influences the Degree to Which Human Observers Perceive Detail and Intricacy within an Icon
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/154193120805201801openalex-snapshot
Visual Aesthetic Appeal Speeds Processing of Complex but not Simple Icons
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/154193120805201822openalex-snapshot
Why do I like It? the Relationships between Icon Characteristics, user Performance and Aesthetic Appeal
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/2041669518780807openalex-snapshot
Effects of Users’ Familiarity With the Objects Depicted in Icons on the Cognitive Performance of Icon Identification
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/2041669520910167openalex-snapshot
Icon Familiarity Affects the Performance of Complex Cognitive Tasks
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Designing Persuasive Priority Seat Signage: Effects of Pictogram Iconicity and Message Appeal Under Perceived Intergenerational Conflict
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A study on the design of a universal signage system for the Ruijin Soviet cultural heritage site
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Modeling the Visual Search of Displays: A Revised ACT-R Model of Icon Search Based on Eye-Tracking Data
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The Effects of Visual Information on Users' Mental Models: An Evaluation of Pathfinder Analysis as a Measure of Icon Usability
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Human Factor Aspects of Situation Awareness in Autonomous Cars – An Overview of Psychological Approaches
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The Comparison of Iconicity Level of Icon Arrays on Risk Perception
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Presenting the unpresentable: how to display data for decision-making. In Irish Social Science Platform Conference
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“Bicycles May Use Full Lane” Signage Communicates U.S. Roadway Rules and Increases Perception of Safety
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182975openalex-snapshot
Signage as a tool for behavioral change: Direct and indirect routes to understanding the meaning of a sign
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185276openalex-snapshot
Predicting perceived visual complexity of abstract patterns using computational measures: The influence of mirror symmetry on complexity perception
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305290openalex-snapshot
The effects of icon design features on user perception and preference: A case study of icons for Covid-19
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Touristische Beschilderung – Wahrnehmung und Erinnerung der touristischen Unterrichtungstafeln an deutschen Autobahnen
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1518/001872007x200102openalex-snapshot
Icon Identification in Context: The Changing Role of Icon Characteristics With User Experience
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Nonverbal Communication of Symptoms: Visualization and Cognition of Symptom Pictograms on User Comprehension
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.15187/adr.2026.08.39.3.25openalex-snapshot
How Color, Shape, and Layout Jointly Influence Affective Responses in UI Design
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Actor-Focused Interactive Visualization for AI Planning
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Visual elements effect on mobile application preference
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The Influence of Notational Deficiencies on Process Model Comprehension
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Designing Interfaces for Older Users: Effects of Icon Detail and Semantic Distance
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Designing Interfaces for Older Users: Effects of Icon Detail and Semantic Distance
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The Investigation of Icon Concreteness with and without Text Describe for Retirees
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Study on the role of the accident statistics in the design of coal mine safety signs
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Guessability of U.S. pharmaceutical pictograms in Iranian prospective users
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.20380/gi2020.12openalex-snapshot
Effects of Visual Distinctiveness on Learning and Retrieval in Icon Toolbars
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Differences between Generations in Icon Recognition Based on the Context of Information Technology Acceptance
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5896847openalex-snapshot
Cross-Cultural Gaps in Safety Sign Comprehension: Evidence and Policy Implications from Korean Workplaces Employing Migrant Labor
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6239739openalex-snapshot
Cross-Cultural Gaps in Safety Sign Comprehension: Evidence and Policy Implications from Korean Workplaces Employing Migrant Labor
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21432/cjlt27899openalex-snapshot
Defining the Visual Complexity of Learning Management Systems Using Image Metrics and Subjective Ratings
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v13i1.7379openalex-snapshot
Traffic Signs Comprehension among Motorcyclists: The Effect of Sign Type and Sign Familiarity
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2312/conf/eg2013/stars/039-063openalex-snapshot
Glyph-based Visualization: Foundations, Design Guidelines, Techniques and Applications
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Designing informative warning signals: Effects of indicator type, modality, and task demand on recognition speed and accuracy
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.25300/misq/2021/15262openalex-snapshot
Cognitive Diagram Understanding and Task Performance in Systems Analysis and Design
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The predictable evolution of letter shapes: An emergent script of West Africa recapitulates historical change in writing systems
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Comparing team feedback in a Team Multiple Errands Test
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