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Socioeconomic status and cognitive functioning: moving from correlation to causation
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What this work says
Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.
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Socioeconomic Disparities Affect Prefrontal Function in Children
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Parents' Incomes and Children's Outcomes: A Quasi-Experiment Using Transfer Payments from Casino Profits
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The Impact of Family Income on Child Achievement
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Do Child Tax Benefits Affect the Wellbeing of Children? Evidence from Canadian Child Benefit Expansions
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Effects of socioeconomic status on brain development, and how cognitive neuroscience may contribute to leveling the playing field
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What points at this work
Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.
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Socio‐Economic Status and Creativity: A Meta‐Analysis
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Children’s early signs and developmental trajectories of psychotic-like experiences
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Parental socioeconomic status is linked to cortical microstructure and language abilities in children and adolescents
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Associations among socioeconomic disadvantage, longitudinal changes in within-network connectivity, and academic outcomes in the ABCD study
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Age-related patterns of resting EEG power in infancy: Associations with prenatal socioeconomic disadvantage
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Cognitive ability in childhood predicts adolescent structural and functional brain development: A longitudinal study
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Sleep and participation in extracurricular activities moderate associations between low SES and brain structure and functional connectivity
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Rapid infant prefrontal cortex development and sensitivity to early environmental experience
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Does child-mother attachment predict and mediate language and cognitive outcomes? A series of meta-analyses
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Effects of high versus low-quality preschool education: A longitudinal study in Mauritius
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Associations between child home language, gender, bilingualism and school readiness: A population-based study
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Mother–child attachment styles and math and reading skills in middle childhood: The mediating role of children’s exploration and engagement
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.08.002openalex-snapshot
Children’s executive function development and school socio-economic and racial/ethnic composition
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.03.009openalex-snapshot
Disparities in kindergarteners’ executive functions at kindergarten entry: Relations with parenting and child care
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.06.011openalex-snapshot
Hot and cool dimensionality of executive function: Model invariance across age and maternal education in preschool children
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.09.008openalex-snapshot
Pathways from socioeconomic status to early academic achievement: The role of specific executive functions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2024.04.004openalex-snapshot
The link between hours of center-based childcare and child development in 3- to 6-year-olds: Evidence from Singapore
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2024.08.001openalex-snapshot
Home food practices and Latino kindergarteners’ academic skills
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101729openalex-snapshot
The educational effects of children's museums on cognitive development: Empirical evidence based on two samples from Beijing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.04.008openalex-snapshot
Decomposing the social gradient in children’s vocabulary skills at 3 years of age: A mediation analysis using data from a large representative cohort study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102117openalex-snapshot
NIH Baby Toolbox® methodology and norms development
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2017.09.006openalex-snapshot
Family context and cognitive development in early childhood: A longitudinal study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2019.101381openalex-snapshot
Predicting school performance from cognitive ability, self-representation, and personality from primary school to senior high school
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2019.101404openalex-snapshot
Decomposing the influence of mental processes on academic performance
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2020.101432openalex-snapshot
Cognitive ability, cognitive self-awareness, and school performance: From childhood to adolescence
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2021.101597openalex-snapshot
Change and stability in the association of parents' education with children's intelligence
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.100openalex-snapshot
The developmental and dynamic relationship between psychopathology and psychotic-like experiences trajectories in children and adolescents
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2026.106583openalex-snapshot
The role of school socioeconomic status in early mathematical development in Chile
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ject.2024.11.003openalex-snapshot
The role of parental circumstances and luck in shaping socioeconomic success: A simulation-based analysis of talent
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2017.05.001openalex-snapshot
Can teacher-child relationships alter the effects of early socioeconomic status on achievement in middle childhood?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.027openalex-snapshot
Socioeconomic status and the developing brain – A systematic review of neuroimaging findings in youth
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106532openalex-snapshot
The interplay between poverty and the human brain connectome across the lifespan: A systematic review
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106605openalex-snapshot
The Poverty Ecosystem Framework: An integrative review of candidate mechanisms underlying the effects of poverty on neurocognitive development in the first 1000 days of life
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2019.04.004openalex-snapshot
Latent subgroups of cognitive performance in lead- and manganese-exposed Uruguayan children: Examining behavioral signatures
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116536openalex-snapshot
Neighborhood poverty predicts altered neural and behavioral response inhibition
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.08.034openalex-snapshot
The Neuroscience of Socioeconomic Status: Correlates, Causes, and Consequences
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.12.019openalex-snapshot
Post-secondary maternal education buffers against neural risk for psychological vulnerability to future life stress
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.01.001openalex-snapshot
Childhood socioeconomic status predicts cognitive outcomes across adulthood following traumatic brain injury
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108788openalex-snapshot
Positive math attitudes are associated with greater frontal activation among children from higher socio-economic status families
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.07.010openalex-snapshot
Response times from gap detection threshold testing relate to cognitive processing speed in young adults
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2023.03.010openalex-snapshot
The role of social adversity on emotional dysregulation during infancy and early childhood
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2019.05.002openalex-snapshot
Computational socioeconomics
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.020openalex-snapshot
Socioeconomic status, hair cortisol and internalizing symptoms in parents and children
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2026.107796openalex-snapshot
Economic disparities in parental hair cortisol are associated with externalizing behavior in children
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2020.100547openalex-snapshot
Concerted cultivation in early childhood and social inequalities in cognitive skills: Evidence from a German panel study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100980openalex-snapshot
Disentangling genetic and social pathways of the intergenerational transmission of cognitive ability – A nuclear twin family study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2026.101209openalex-snapshot
Immigrant-native differences in cognitive skills among infants, toddlers, and young children: Does contextual attainment matter?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2024.07.032openalex-snapshot
Occasional cannabis use is associated with higher premorbid functioning and IQ in youth at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis: Parallel findings to psychosis cohorts
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.sheji.2024.01.002openalex-snapshot
Simplifying Causality: A Brief Review of Philosophical Views and Definitions with Examples from Economics, Education, Engineering, Medicine, Policy, and Physics
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.06.028openalex-snapshot
Family socioeconomic status, family health, and changes in students' math achievement across high school: A mediational model
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.07.025openalex-snapshot
Childhood socioeconomic status and genetic risk for poorer cognition in later life
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113361openalex-snapshot
The effect of increased family finance and dual-parental absence since infancy on Children's cognitive Abilities
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101064openalex-snapshot
Moving up but not getting ahead: Family socioeconomic position in pregnancy, social mobility, and child cognitive development in the first seven years of life
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101094openalex-snapshot
Child socioeconomic status, childhood adversity and adult socioeconomic status in a nationally representative sample of young adults
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2015.03.003openalex-snapshot
Cognitive neuroscience, developmental psychology, and education: Interdisciplinary development of an intervention for low socioeconomic status kindergarten children
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107900openalex-snapshot
Relationships between cognitive function, seizure control, and self-reported leisure-time exercise in epilepsy
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/9781009242585.003openalex-snapshot
Literacy Contexts and Literacy Development in South America
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719000953openalex-snapshot
Earlier age at menarche as a transdiagnostic mechanism linking childhood trauma with multiple forms of psychopathology in adolescent girls
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579420001145openalex-snapshot
How developmental neuroscience can help address the problem of child poverty
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/s095457942300055xopenalex-snapshot
Overparenting and offspring depression, anxiety, and internalizing symptoms: A meta-analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579426101187openalex-snapshot
Socioeconomic disadvantage, pubertal development, and adolescent mental health and academic achievement: A longitudinal study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617717000418openalex-snapshot
Neuropsychological Clustering in Bipolar and Major Depressive Disorder
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728918000962openalex-snapshot
Individual differences in the production of referential expressions: The effect of language proficiency, language exposure and executive function in bilingual and monolingual children
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/s2040174422000472openalex-snapshot
Associations between maternal exposure to surgery or pregnancy exposure to fluorinated anesthetics and children’s cognitive development and educational outcomes
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1037/a0038920openalex-snapshot
Increases in maternal education and low-income children’s cognitive and behavioral outcomes.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000270openalex-snapshot
Biological aging in childhood and adolescence following experiences of threat and deprivation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000492openalex-snapshot
Language specificity in the relation of maternal education to bilingual children’s vocabulary growth.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001593openalex-snapshot
Relative brain age is associated with socioeconomic status and anxiety/depression problems in youth.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001642openalex-snapshot
Maternal education prospectively predicts child neurocognitive function: An environmental influences on child health outcomes study.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000202openalex-snapshot
School readiness amongst urban Canadian families: Risk profiles and family mediation.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000122openalex-snapshot
The increasing impact of socioeconomics and race on standardized academic test scores across elementary, middle, and high school.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000362openalex-snapshot
Cortical thickness is related to variability in heritage bilingual language proficiency.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3983openalex-snapshot
Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-024-00714-6openalex-snapshot
Using geographic effect measure modification to examine socioeconomic-related surface temperature disparities in New York City
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0259-2openalex-snapshot
Socioeconomic status and inflammation: a meta-analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-02222-9openalex-snapshot
Effects of family income on brain functional connectivity in US children: associations with cognition
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-025-02169-1openalex-snapshot
Social Determinants of Health, the developing brain, and risk and resilience for psychopathology
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-026-04978-6openalex-snapshot
Socioeconomic status and perception of well-being and mental health support: a three-year COVID-19 study in children with psychopathology and their parents
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27336-yopenalex-snapshot
Brain network coupling associated with cognitive performance varies as a function of a child’s environment in the ABCD study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-025-00302-9openalex-snapshot
Enhancing children’s numeracy and executive functions via their explicit integration
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-018-0023-2openalex-snapshot
Socioeconomic status and the brain: prospects for neuroscience-informed policy
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01501-6openalex-snapshot
A global multicohort study to map subcortical brain development and cognition in infancy and early childhood
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04152-4openalex-snapshot
Parental education is associated with differential engagement of neural pathways during inhibitory control
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11341-2openalex-snapshot
The impact of digital media on children’s intelligence while controlling for genetic differences in cognition and socioeconomic background
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12905-yopenalex-snapshot
Genetic basis of job attainment characteristics and the genetic sharing with other SES indices and well-being
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64498-3openalex-snapshot
Prenatal family income, but not parental education, is associated with resting brain activity in 1-month-old infants
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-04081-6openalex-snapshot
Socioeconomic factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism, and cortical structure in children and adolescents
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-12514-5openalex-snapshot
Decoding student cognitive abilities: a comparative study of explainable AI algorithms in educational data mining
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29345-zopenalex-snapshot
Neurocognitive correlates of spatial thinking mediate the relation between socioeconomic status and STEM achievement
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-43928-4openalex-snapshot
The most important features in generalized additive models might be groups of features
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1044/2019_persp-19-00073openalex-snapshot
Socioeconomic and Experiential Influences on the Neurobiology of Language Development
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)nh.1527-6996.0000482openalex-snapshot
Reminders for Learning about Flood Risk Preparedness in Indonesian Poor Villages: Parallel Group In Situ Randomized Controlled Trial
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708491114openalex-snapshot
Socioeconomic status and genetic influences on cognitive development
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001228117openalex-snapshot
Cognitive and brain development is independently influenced by socioeconomic status and polygenic scores for educational attainment
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2022.2044280openalex-snapshot
Developing a Trajectory Deviance Index for Dynamic Measurement Modeling
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2025.2546947openalex-snapshot
Children’s Future-Oriented Cognition and Family Characteristics: How Similar are Children’s and Parents’ Future-Oriented Cognition?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2026.2616014openalex-snapshot
Executive functions as mediators between family socio-economic status and pre-academic abilities in early preschool children
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2021.1958803openalex-snapshot
Examining the role of demographic characteristics, attachment, and language in preschool children’s executive function skills
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2025.2611860openalex-snapshot
SNP rs1801260 at the 3’UTR miRNA binding region of Clock gene is a risk factor of alcohol addiction: A case-control study in East Indian population
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2024.2348965openalex-snapshot
How Do Attitudes of Adult Children Toward Long-Term Care Change with Education? International Evidence
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2021.1879766openalex-snapshot
Neural correlates of socioeconomic status in early childhood: a systematic review of the literature
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2022.2038117openalex-snapshot
Validation of a developmental screening checklist for Chinese preschoolers in Hong Kong
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2018.1498999openalex-snapshot
Preschool Attendance and Executive Function Mediate Early Academic Achievement Gaps in East Asia and the Pacific
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2020.1866949openalex-snapshot
Heterogeneity in the Development of Executive Function: Evidence from Nationally Representative Data
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/10824669.2019.1689506openalex-snapshot
Examining Early Childhood Language and Literacy Learning Opportunities in Relation to Maternal Education and Children’s Initial Skills
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2023.2165410openalex-snapshot
Prospective Memory, Sustained Attention and Response Inhibition in Poly-Substance Users Stable on Methadone Maintenance Treatment
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1935459openalex-snapshot
Direct and indirect associations between childhood socioeconomic status and cognitive function in the middle-aged and older adults in China
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2021.1943307openalex-snapshot
Cognitive gains and socioeconomic status in early second language acquisition in immersion and EFL learning settings
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2026.2632223openalex-snapshot
Measurement bias for age, sex, and years of education in selected RDoC tasks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2019.1680598openalex-snapshot
The Dutch version of the Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS-NL): normative data and their association with age and socio-economic status
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/14992027.2025.2545441openalex-snapshot
Central auditory testing in young Tanzanian children: feasibility and relationship to cognition
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2026.2644864openalex-snapshot
The Links Between Spatial and Math Skills in Preterm and Full-Term Children
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