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Who cares and who is careless? Insufficient effort responding as a reflection of respondent personality.
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1 of the 33 references listed on this page is in the Retraction Watch database as retracted (export 2026-11-11): 10.1073/pnas.1018601108 (notice 2025-05-01).
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What this work says
Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2350050305openalex-snapshot
Response strategies for coping with the cognitive demands of attitude measures in surveys
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Best practice recommendations for data screening
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-011-9231-8openalex-snapshot
Detecting and Deterring Insufficient Effort Responding to Surveys
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-014-9357-6openalex-snapshot
Detecting Insufficient Effort Responding with an Infrequency Scale: Evaluating Validity and Participant Reactions
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012134645-4/50032-9openalex-snapshot
Conceptions and Correlates of Openness to Experience
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012134645-4/50033-0openalex-snapshot
Conscientiousness and Integrity at Work
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.070openalex-snapshot
Using virtual presence and survey instructions to minimize careless responding on Internet-based surveys
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.07.006openalex-snapshot
Methods for the detection of carelessly invalid responses in survey data
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2004.09.009openalex-snapshot
Ascertaining the validity of individual protocols from Web-based personality inventories
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007openalex-snapshot
The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2013.09.008openalex-snapshot
Caring about carelessness: Participant inattention and its effects on research
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.48.1.82openalex-snapshot
The prediction of semantic consistency in self-descriptions: Characteristics of persons and of terms that affect the consistency of responses to synonym and antonym pairs.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.60.5.773openalex-snapshot
Explorations in behavioral consistency: Properties of persons, situations, and behaviors.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.126.1.3openalex-snapshot
The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016810openalex-snapshot
Prediction of 4-year college student performance using cognitive and noncognitive predictors and the impact on demographic status of admitted students.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019216openalex-snapshot
Evidence for response bias as a source of error variance in applied assessment.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019796openalex-snapshot
Situational similarity and personality predict behavioral consistency.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021212openalex-snapshot
An other perspective on personality: Meta-analytic integration of observers' accuracy and predictive validity.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026838openalex-snapshot
Psychological correlates of university students' academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028085openalex-snapshot
Identifying careless responses in survey data.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030385openalex-snapshot
Persons, situations, and behaviors: Consistency and variability of different behaviors in four interpersonal situations.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031748openalex-snapshot
The criterion-related validity of personality measures for predicting GPA: A meta-analytic validity competition.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038510openalex-snapshot
Insufficient effort responding: Examining an insidious confound in survey data.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1018601108openalex-snapshot
RETRACTED: Role of test motivation in intelligence testing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12058openalex-snapshot
Insufficient Effort Survey Responding: An Under‐Appreciated Problem in Work and Organisational Health Psychology Research
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.xopenalex-snapshot
An Introduction to the Five‐Factor Model and Its Applications
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428113493120openalex-snapshot
Random and Systematic Error Effects of Insomnia on Survey Behavior
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Seven Social Performance Scales for the California Psychological Inventory
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa7602_12openalex-snapshot
Semantic Response Consistency and Protocol Validity in Structured Personality Assessment: The Case of the NEO-PI-R
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543075001063openalex-snapshot
The Validity of Self-Reported Grade Point Averages, Class Ranks, and Test Scores: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature
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inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/03616843231165475openalex-snapshot
Women With Mandarin Accent in the Canadian English-Speaking Hiring Context: Can Evaluations of Warmth Undermine Gender Equity?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/10711813251363208openalex-snapshot
Gamified Personality Assessment Reduces Faking and Careless Responding
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/10731911231157620openalex-snapshot
Development of an Inconsistent Responding Scale for the HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/10731911231213849openalex-snapshot
Survey Uses May Influence Survey Responses
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/10731911241245793openalex-snapshot
Comparisons of Self-Report With Objective Measurements Suggest Faster Responding but Little Change in Response Quality Over Time in Ecological Momentary Assessment Studies
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1094428118799486openalex-snapshot
Insufficient Effort Responding as a Partial Function of Implicit Aggression
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1094428120947794openalex-snapshot
Will the Questions Ever End? Person-Level Increases in Careless Responding During Questionnaire Completion
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/10944281211056520openalex-snapshot
The Quick and the Careless: The Construct Validity of Page Time as a Measure of Insufficient Effort Responding to Surveys
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/10944281231212570openalex-snapshot
Confounding Effects of Insufficient Effort Responding Across Survey Sources: The Case of Personality Predicting Performance
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/14707853231209933openalex-snapshot
Handling the Inconsistency between Self-Report and the Actual Behavior: Validity of Excluding Survey Participants with Insufficient Effort Responding
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/15210251261425187openalex-snapshot
Self-Construal, Sense of Belonging, Perceived Match, and Persistence Intentions: Exploring Intersecting Identities and Moderation Effects
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/17455057241305077openalex-snapshot
A pilot survey of breast cancer survivors’ reporting of palpitations to healthcare providers
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/17456916231195855openalex-snapshot
Suspicion About Suspicion Probes: Ways Forward
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/17456916241234328openalex-snapshot
Too Anecdotal to Be True? Mechanical Turk Is Not All Bots and Bad Data: Response to Webb and Tangney (2022)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1948550618813419openalex-snapshot
Who Deals With the Devil? Interdependence, Personality, and Corrupted Collaboration
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/25152459241231581openalex-snapshot
Careless Responding: Why Many Findings Are Spurious or Spuriously Inflated
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-024-01108-8openalex-snapshot
Policy implementation deviation of government purchase of old age care services in Jiangsu, China: based on empirical and policy analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40536-023-00184-6openalex-snapshot
Who are those random responders on your survey? The case of the TIMSS 2015 student questionnaire
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40536-024-00205-yopenalex-snapshot
Using a novel multiple-source indicator to investigate the effect of scale format on careless and insufficient effort responding in a large-scale survey experiment
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40536-025-00260-zopenalex-snapshot
Data quality disparities in large-scale assessments: insufficient effort responding across student groups, schools, and cultures
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237390openalex-snapshot
Retention of volunteers and factors influencing program performance of the Senior Care Volunteers Training Program in Jiangsu, China
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.14786/flr.v8i3.521openalex-snapshot
Insufficient Effort Responding in Surveys Assessing Self-Regulated Learning: Nuisance or Fatal Flaw?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2019.37.5.468openalex-snapshot
Can Carelessness Be Captured? Assessing Careless Responding in Attitudes Toward Novel Stimuli
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.15760/etd.6337openalex-snapshot
Insufficient Effort Responding on Mturk Surveys: Evidence-Based Quality Control for Organizational Research
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1787/2d9a73ca-enopenalex-snapshot
Developing measures of engagement in PISA
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.18061/ask.v32i1.0001openalex-snapshot
Attention checks and how to use them: Review and practical recommendations
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.20429/ijsotl.2022.160207openalex-snapshot
First Impressions Matter! An Experiment Comparing Autonomous and Controlling Language in Course Syllabi
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.16.5.p472openalex-snapshot
Got Bots? Practical Recommendations to Protect Online Survey Data from Bot Attacks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9647512/v1openalex-snapshot
Detecting inattentive responding in commercial-panel surveys of healthcare professionals: a multi-indicator framework with empirical demonstration in a rural Appalachian sample
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5340451openalex-snapshot
The Effectiveness and Potential Risks of Using Careless Responding Indices to Improve Data Quality
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.5524openalex-snapshot
An Inconsistency Responding Scale for the Durand Adaptive Psychopathic Traits Questionnaire
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2196/70451openalex-snapshot
The Impact of Individual Factors on Careless Responding Across Different Mental Disorder Screenings: Cross-Sectional Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.84534openalex-snapshot
Effects of Cognitive States on Momentary Response Biases in an Ecological Momentary Assessment Study (Preprint)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.22257/kjp.2019.12.38.4.669openalex-snapshot
A study on the effectiveness of the use of mirror-image as a preventive measure of careless responding in online survey research
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2333/jbhmk.46.39openalex-snapshot
Using Machine Learning to Predict Inappropriate Respondents
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.23951/2307-6127-2019-5-207-220openalex-snapshot
THE STUDY OF PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE ACADEMIC MOTIVATION SCALE IN HIGH STAKE TESTING CONTEXT
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2021.504openalex-snapshot
Could you please pay attention?’ Comparing in-person and MTurk Responses on a Computer Code Review Task
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/6cmpjopenalex-snapshot
Detecting Careless Responding in Multidimensional Forced-Choice Questionnaires
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5n92wopenalex-snapshot
Game-Like Personality Measures Reduce Faking and Careless Responding.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9vrdnopenalex-snapshot
Are Attention Check Questions a Threat to Scale Validity?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/j5728openalex-snapshot
Identifying Careless Responding in Web-Based Surveys: Exploiting Sequence Data from Cursor Trajectories and Approximate Areas of Interest
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/p9cfmopenalex-snapshot
Investigating dynamics in attentive and inattentive responding together with their contextual correlates using a novel mixture IRT model for intensive longitudinal data
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qgcw6_v2openalex-snapshot
Population Heterogeneity Among the Six Factors of Aggressive Personality
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qkj8nopenalex-snapshot
An empirical approach of identifying subject matter experts (SMEs) for the development of situational judgment tests
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31237/osf.io/4cpzvopenalex-snapshot
The relationship between Authentic Leadership, Work-related stress and Job motivation A Mixed Methods Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.2018-0020openalex-snapshot
Are you fluent in sexual emoji?😉: Exploring the use of emoji in romantic and sexual contexts
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3280/ecag1-2020oa10069openalex-snapshot
Is respondents' inattention in online surveys a major issue for research?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2022.943372openalex-snapshot
Zero party data between hype and hope
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1197324openalex-snapshot
The prevalence of careless response behaviour and its consequences on data quality in self-report questionnaires on student learning
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01359openalex-snapshot
Systems Perspective of Amazon Mechanical Turk for Organizational Research: Review and Recommendations
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00518openalex-snapshot
Empirical Tryout of a New Statistic for Detecting Temporally Inconsistent Responders
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.784375openalex-snapshot
The Relationship of Insufficient Effort Responding and Response Styles: An Online Experiment
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.955176openalex-snapshot
Development of the short Creative Expression Interest Scale based on item response theory
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1273582openalex-snapshot
Identifying person misfit using the person backward stepwise reliability curve (PBRC)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1269954openalex-snapshot
Why teachers do (or do not) implement recommended teaching practices? An application of the theory of planned behavior
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1815225openalex-snapshot
More than just noise: careless responding and its systematic effects on reliability, validity, and measurement invariance
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/children10091515openalex-snapshot
Impact of Daily Choral Singing and Creative Writing Activities on the Cognitive Development of Second-, Third-, and Fourth-Grade French Children from Low Socioeconomic Backgrounds
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10080291openalex-snapshot
Value Consistency across Relational Roles and Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Self-Concept Clarity
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.37349/edht.2025.101146openalex-snapshot
Mediators and moderators of self-esteem’s risk to gaming disorder
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-1103-yopenalex-snapshot
Detecting computer-generated random responding in questionnaire-based data: A comparison of seven indices
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-020-01401-8openalex-snapshot
A little garbage in, lots of garbage out: Assessing the impact of careless responding in personality survey data
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-021-01574-wopenalex-snapshot
Can intelligent agents improve data quality in online questiosnnaires? A pilot study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-022-02053-6openalex-snapshot
Accounting for careless and insufficient effort responding in large-scale survey data—development, evaluation, and application of a screen-time-based weighting procedure
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02146-wopenalex-snapshot
Modeling insufficient effort responses in mixed-worded scales
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-024-02407-2openalex-snapshot
Detecting inattentive respondents by machine learning: A generic technique that substitutes for the directed questions scale and compensates for its shortcomings
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-025-02888-9openalex-snapshot
A modified hidden Markov model for detecting insufficient effort responses in questionnaires
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-026-03133-7openalex-snapshot
Simulating insufficient effort responding with large language models: A persona-based prompt engineering approach
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-026-03165-zopenalex-snapshot
Understanding when mixture models effectively identify careless responding: Simulation and validity evidence
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v49i0.2070openalex-snapshot
Derivation of individualised item interrelatedness indices of careless responding
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.48017/dj.v10i1.3310openalex-snapshot
Analyzing the Errors of STEM Students in Solving Basic Calculus Problems
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5093/clh2026a5openalex-snapshot
Predictors of Therapeutic Alliance: Patient Attachment and the Personal Style of the Therapist
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2020a15openalex-snapshot
Measuring Achievement Striving via a Situational Judgment Test: The Value of Additional Context
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5204/thesis.eprints.243150openalex-snapshot
Consumption, value and response: An interdisciplinary thesis on Australian women's wellbeing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2018.227openalex-snapshot
Distinct Methods, Biased Nonetheless: Insufficient Effort Responding as a Potential Confound
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.58837/chula.the.2020.1281openalex-snapshot
การพฒนารปแบบการเรยนการสอนตามแนวคดการใหเหตผลเชงกรณรวมกบแนวคดการสะทอนคดเพอเสรมสรางความสามารถในการใชสอดจทลของนกเรยนประถมศกษา
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26681125openalex-snapshot
Additional file 1 of Policy implementation deviation of government purchase of old age care services in Jiangsu, China: based on empirical and policy analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.70675/0cd00729zc623z42fbzaeb4zc854b1bb574copenalex-snapshot
Unraveling Citizen Division and Polarization during Elections
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.70675/f44573c3z3a21z4282zb6dczc58212884287openalex-snapshot
Perceived sportivity of experiential activities : conceptualization, measure, and effects on consumers-brands relationships
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