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Protest movements involving limited violence can sometimes be effective: Evidence from the 2020 BlackLivesMatter protests

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118990119
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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2193openalex-snapshot
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The power of nonviolence: Confirming and explaining the success of nonviolent (rather than violent) political movements
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Collective Protest: A Critique of Resource-Mobilization Theory
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Can Violent Protest Change Local Policy Support? Evidence from the Aftermath of the 1992 Los Angeles Riot
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Agenda Seeding: How 1960s Black Protests Moved Elites, Public Opinion and Voting
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The Opinion-Mobilizing Effect of Social Protest against Police Violence: Evidence from the 2020 George Floyd Protests
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055421000940openalex-snapshot
Effective for Whom? Ethnic Identity and Nonviolent Resistance
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x11002214openalex-snapshot
Beyond prejudice: Are negative evaluations the problem and is getting us to like one another more the solution?
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A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory.
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Average causal effects from nonrandomized studies: A practical guide and simulated example.
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Explaining radical group behavior: Developing emotion and efficacy routes to normative and nonnormative collective action.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000195openalex-snapshot
Is Martin Luther King or Malcolm X the more acceptable face of protest? High-status groups’ reactions to low-status groups’ collective action.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000230openalex-snapshot
The activist’s dilemma: Extreme protest actions reduce popular support for social movements.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000333openalex-snapshot
Disrupting the system constructively: Testing the effectiveness of nonnormative nonviolent collective action.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118990119openalex-snapshot
Protest movements involving limited violence can sometimes be effective: Evidence from the 2020 BlackLivesMatter protests
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2018.1516797openalex-snapshot
Red States and Black Lives: Applying the Racial Threat Hypothesis to the Black Lives Matter Movement
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2015.0249openalex-snapshot
Using Propensity Score Methods To Assess Causal Effects of Mothers' Dieting Behavior on Daughters' Early Dieting Behavior
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sov097openalex-snapshot
The Legitimacy of Protest: Explaining White Southerners' Attitudes Toward the Civil Rights Movement
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1108/s0163-786x20150000038004openalex-snapshot
A Quantitative Reevaluation of Radical Flank Effects within Nonviolent Campaigns
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How Does Intergroup Contact Affect Social Change? Its Impact on Collective Action and Individual Mobility Intentions among Members of a Disadvantaged Group
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Does Terrorism Work?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343310378914openalex-snapshot
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inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212475224openalex-snapshot
Appeasement
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213510525openalex-snapshot
When Will Collective Action Be Effective? Violent and Non-Violent Protests Differentially Influence Perceptions of Legitimacy and Efficacy Among Sympathizers
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218757454openalex-snapshot
Implicit and Explicit Racial Attitudes Changed During Black Lives Matter
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/089443930202000306openalex-snapshot
Collective Action in the Age of the Internet
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413510932openalex-snapshot
The Ideological-Conflict Hypothesis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114548590openalex-snapshot
Missing Data
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The violent asymmetrical encounter with the other in an army-civilian clash: The case of the intifada.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/y9hiqopenalex-snapshot
Project Implicit Demo Website Datasets
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/2111707openalex-snapshot
The Conditional Effect of Violence as a Political Tactic: Mass Insurgency, Welfare Generosity, and Electoral Context in the American States
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/800260openalex-snapshot
Black Radicalization and the Funding of Civil Rights: 1957-1970
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203848814openalex-snapshot
Intergroup Misunderstandings : Impact of Divergent Social Realities
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.49-4127openalex-snapshot
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The Ironies of Affirmative Action

What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4094498openalex-extracted
Fewer Stops, But No Less Bias: The Effect of the 2020 Black Lives Matter Protests on Traffic Enforcement in California
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-025-09863-2openalex-snapshot
Exploring Support for the Black Lives Matter Movement: Racial Injustice, Attitudes Toward Police, Politics, and Media
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Abrams, Benjamin. 2023. The Rise of the Masses: Spontaneous Mobilization and Contentious Politics
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Dynamics of discrimination and prejudice via two types of social contagion
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Qualified support for normative vs. non-normative protest: Less invested members of advantaged groups are most supportive when the protest fits the opportunity for status improvement
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2023.10.003openalex-snapshot
When Are Social Protests Effective?
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PAPEA: A modular pipeline for the automation of protest event analysis
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By Any Means Necessary? How Black and White Americans Evaluate Protest Tactics in Response to a Police Killing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592725104167openalex-snapshot
Recontextualizing Whiteness: Understanding White Identity in the Era of Black Lives Matter
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46477-4openalex-snapshot
Increase in concerns about climate change following climate strikes and civil disobedience in Germany
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s44168-023-00054-5openalex-snapshot
When, where, and which climate activists have vandalized museums
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The consequences of urban riots in France and the United States: a comparative review
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2216162120openalex-snapshot
Escalated police stops of Black men are linguistically and psychologically distinct in their earliest moments
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2307726121openalex-snapshot
The Black Lives Matter movement mitigates bias against racial minority actors
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2026.2673521openalex-snapshot
News Consumption, Military Interventionism, and Support for Anti-Democratic Movements
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2025.2546697openalex-snapshot
Climate extreme: radicalisation tendencies in the German climate protest movement
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2024.2343903openalex-snapshot
Democratic backsliding and the constitutional blitz
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197687703.003.0005openalex-snapshot
Understanding Protest Violence: From Protesters’ to Non-Participants’ Support for Protest Violence
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197782347.001.0001openalex-snapshot
Social Protest
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197782347.002.0004openalex-snapshot
Preface
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197782347.003.0001openalex-snapshot
Introductions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197782347.003.0002openalex-snapshot
Portraits
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197782347.003.0003openalex-snapshot
Findings
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Tactics
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/9780197782347.003.0005openalex-snapshot
Contexts
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Horizons
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Conclusions
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Navigating Violence between Surface and below: Effect of Protester Reaction to Violent Flanks on Mobilization
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muaf032openalex-snapshot
Cultivating collaborative resilience amid volatility: implementation partnerships between law enforcement and mental health organizations
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgag082openalex-snapshot
The effect of disruptive protests on public opinion
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The Racial Limits of Disruption: How Race and Tactics Influence Social Movement Organization Testimony before Congress, 1960–1995
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata66926.2025.11402492openalex-snapshot
Analyzing #BlackLivesMatter Related Social Media Posts Published from Racially Diverse Geographic Regions in the United States
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/pops.70174openalex-snapshot
Whether people justify and challenge economic inequality depends on the activities of social movements
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051421-124128openalex-snapshot
The Role of Violence in Nonviolent Resistance
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Effective Narratives and Strategies from Successful Social Change Movements to Inform Public Health
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Interpreting Violence: How Community Context Shapes Corporate Responses to Street Protests
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Cultural Models of Contention: How Do the Public Interpret the Repertoire of Contention?
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The Effects of the 2020 BLM Protests on Racial Bias in the United States
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Putting A Fresh Face Forward: Does the Gender of a Police Chief Affect Public Perceptions?
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The Intergroup Value Protection Model: A Theoretically Integrative and Dynamic Approach to Intergroup Conflict Escalation in Democratic Societies
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/13684302241277377openalex-snapshot
Two paths to violence: Individual versus group emotions during conflict escalation in the Occupied Palestinian Territories
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Revisiting constructive disruption: Protest tactics, resistant bystanders, and the limits of support in issue-based social movements
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Addressing Barriers to Racial Health Disparity Policy Change Advocacy: Exploring White Defensiveness Strategies
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When Movement Widens the Gap: The Contingent Effect of the Chinese #MeToo Movement on Feminist Attitudes
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Punishing Protesters on the “Other Side”: Partisan Bias in Public Support for Repressive and Punitive Responses to Protest Violence
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Structural interventions and policing in the United States: a scoping review of public health literature
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Online identity and action discourse around the 2020 and 2024 U.S. presidential elections
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From Posts to Pavement, or Vice Versa? The Dynamic Interplay between Online Activism and Offline Confrontations
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“Things Fall Apart?” Prospects of Solidarity in a Precarious World
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From lawful participation to radical protest: how confidence in climate misinformation reshapes the value- and risk-based drivers of environmental activism
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Large language model analysis reveals key reasons behind massive farmer protests in Europe
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Double standards in judging collective action
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Bright sides of tribal exaggeration?: Collective narcissism and tribal attitudes towards equality
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Judgment of Crowds as Emotional Increases with the Proportion of Black Faces
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Perceived Racial Threats Increase Demand for Conservative Media: Evidence from Black Lives Matter Protests and Fox News Ratings
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Unarmed Violence, Police Perspectives, Community Struggle: Black- and White-centric news accounts of Black Protests about Policing in the U.S. 1994-2010
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Energy Justice For Real
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Collective identity in collective action: evidence from the 2020 summer BLM protests
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The experience of hate incidents across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic
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The Internalization of Anti-Racial Discrimination Norm in the United States of America
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