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Cranial Modularity Shifts during Mammalian Evolution

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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

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American Journal of Physical Anthropology

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Phenotypic covariance structure in tamarins (genusSaguinus): a comparison of variation patterns using matrix correlation and common principal component analysis

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The primate cranial base: Ontogeny, function, and integration

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Modularity in development and evolution

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Pleiotropic effects on mandibular morphology II: Differential epistasis and genetic variation in morphological integration

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Pleiotropic effects on mandibular morphology II: Differential epistasis and genetic variation in morphological integration

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Analyzing evolutionary patterns in amniote embryonic development*

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Developmental integration in a complex morphological structure: how distinct are the modules in the mouse mandible?

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Detecting genetic drift versus selection in human evolution

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Morphological Integration in the Saddle-Back Tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis) Cranium

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Inferring Developmental Modularity from Morphological Integration: Analysis of Individual Variation and Asymmetry in Bumblebee Wings

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Evolution of Morphological Integration. I. Functional Units Channel Stress‐Induced Variation in Shrew Mandibles

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Genetic Architecture of Mandible Shape in Mice: Effects of Quantitative Trait Loci Analyzed by Geometric Morphometrics

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Integration and Modularity of Quantitative Trait Locus Effects on Geometric Shape in the Mouse Mandible

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Homologues, Natural Kinds and the Evolution of Modularity

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Developmental Integration and the Evolution of Pleiotropy

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Historical Patterns of Developmental Integration in Piranhas

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Morphological Integration Primate Evolution

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New information about the skull and dentary of the Miocene platypus Obdurodon dicksoni , and a discussion of ornithorhynchid relationships

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QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF GEOMETRIC SHAPE IN THE MOUSE MANDIBLE

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A COMPARISON OF PHENOTYPIC VARIATION AND COVARIATION PATTERNS AND THE ROLE OF PHYLOGENY, ECOLOGY, AND ONTOGENY DURING CRANIAL EVOLUTION OF NEW WORLD MONKEYS

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SIZE AS A LINE OF LEAST EVOLUTIONARY RESISTANCE: DIET AND ADAPTIVE MORPHOLOGICAL RADIATION IN NEW WORLD MONKEYS

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MORPHOLOGICAL INTEGRATION IN THE CARNIVORAN SKULL

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A MODEL FOR DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION OF COMPLEX MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURES

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Development and phenotypic correlations: the evolution of tooth shape in Sorex araneus

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PHENOTYPIC, GENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL MORPHOLOGICAL INTEGRATION IN THE CRANIUM

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A MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DIRECT AND CORRELATED RESPONSE TO SELECTION IN THE RAT

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QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF DEVELOPMENT: GENETIC CORRELATIONS AMONG AGE‐SPECIFIC TRAIT VALUES AND THE EVOLUTION OF ONTOGENY

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ONTOGENETIC VARIATION IN PATTERNS OF PHENOTYPIC INTEGRATION IN THE LABORATORY RAT

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A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION PATTERNS IN THE PAPIONINS

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ONTOGENETIC VARIATION IN PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION IN SKULLS OF SIGMODON FULVIVENTER

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PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF PHENOTYPIC COVARIANCE STRUCTURE. I. CONTRASTING RESULTS FROM MATRIX CORRELATION AND COMMON PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSES

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PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF PHENOTYPIC COVARIANCE STRUCTURE. II. RECONSTRUCTING MATRIX EVOLUTION

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PLEIOTROPIC EFFECTS OF INDIVIDUAL GENE LOCI ON MANDIBULAR MORPHOLOGY

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GENETICS OF FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY: A DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF DEVELOPMENTAL INSTABILITY

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The triple origin of skull in higher vertebrates: a study in quail-chick chimeras

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Modularity in Development and Why It Matters to Evo-Devo1

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Craniofacial Development and the Evolution of the Vertebrates: the Old Problems on a New Background

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Growth and Intensity of Integration through Postnatal Growth in the Skull of Sigmodon fulviventer

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Phylogenetic Analysis of Phenotypic Covariance Structure. I. Contrasting Results from Matrix Correlation and Common Principal Component Analysis

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Adaptation, Versatility, and Evolution

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Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

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Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

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inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-026-10314-9openalex-snapshot

Revalidation of Manis aurita based on integrative genomic and morphological evidence

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1038/srep40431openalex-snapshot

Fluctuations in Evolutionary Integration Allow for Big Brains and Disparate Faces

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1403667112openalex-snapshot

The fossil record of phenotypic integration and modularity: A deep-time perspective on developmental and evolutionary dynamics

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716437115openalex-snapshot

Developmental origins of mosaic evolution in the avian cranium

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820967116openalex-snapshot

Ecomorphological diversification in squamates from conserved pattern of cranial integration

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2012.649328openalex-snapshot

Covariation in the skull modules of cats: the challenge of growing saber-like canines

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2016.1196434openalex-snapshot

Cranial shape variation and phylogenetic relationships of extinct and extant Old World leaf-nosed bats

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2026.2663157openalex-snapshot

Shape variation of linea temporalis and crista nuchae in mesocephalic dogs

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802033022openalex-snapshot

Morphology, Paleontology, and Placental Mammal Phylogeny

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1086/523875openalex-snapshot

Floral Morphology in Nicotiana : Architectural and Temporal Effects on Phenotypic Integration

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1086/650372openalex-snapshot

Large‐Scale Diversification of Skull Shape in Domestic Dogs: Disparity and Modularity

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1086/706903openalex-snapshot

Detecting Mosaic Patterns in Macroevolutionary Disparity

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1086/725368openalex-snapshot

Disentangling Mechanical and Sensory Modules in the Radiation of Noctilionoid Bats

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blac117openalex-snapshot

Wings of fringed fruit-eating bats ( Artibeus fimbriatus ) are highly integrated biological aerofoils from perspectives of secondary sexual dimorphism, allometry and modularity

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blag006openalex-snapshot

From forests to savannas: evidence of mandibular shape adaptation in Capuchin monkeys

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/bly190openalex-snapshot

Asymmetry drives modularity of the skull in the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis)

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz001openalex-snapshot

High-density three-dimensional morphometric analyses support conserved static (intraspecific) modularity in caecilian (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) crania

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/evolut/qpac070openalex-snapshot

Simultaneous integration and modularity underlie the exceptional body shape diversification of characiform fishes

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/evolut/qpad020openalex-snapshot

Multilevel analysis of integration and disparity in the mammalian skull

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icag106openalex-snapshot

Structural Equation Modeling Reveals How Allometry Shapes Integration in Avian Cranial Evolution

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icag111openalex-snapshot

Revisiting the Palimpsest: Exploring the Interaction of the Variance and Structure of Developmental Determinants of Phenotypic Covariance

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw039openalex-snapshot

Do Developmental Constraints and High Integration Limit the Evolution of the Marsupial Oral Apparatus?

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz022openalex-snapshot

Functional coupling in the evolution of suction feeding and gill ventilation of sculpins (Perciformes: Cottoidei)

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz052openalex-snapshot

Evolutionary Integration and Modularity in the Archosaur Cranium

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obag015openalex-snapshot

Intraspecific and Geographical Variation of G lossophaga commissarisi in Mexico: Morphological Approach

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv074openalex-snapshot

Morphological diversity of the bony labyrinth (inner ear) in extant Xenarthrans and its relation to phylogeny

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaf002openalex-snapshot

Punctuated Versus Gradual Shifts in the Multivariate Evolutionary Process: A Test With Paired Radiations of Scincid Lizards

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syt025openalex-snapshot

Evolutionary Covariation in Geometric Morphometric Data: Analyzing Integration, Modularity, and Allometry in a Phylogenetic Context

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syv040openalex-snapshot

The Implications of Stratigraphic Compatibility for Character Integration among Fossil Taxa

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy067openalex-snapshot

Estimating Correlated Rates of Trait Evolution with Uncertainty

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz096openalex-snapshot

Skull shape variation in extant pangolins (Pholidota: Manidae): allometric patterns and systematic implications

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000006787openalex-snapshot

Craniofacial Dysmorphology in Unilateral Coronal Synostosis Using Three-Dimensional Landmark-Based Analysis With Generalized Procrustes Superimposition

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000007564openalex-snapshot

Sphenotemporal and Fronto-Orbital Dysmorphology in Unilateral Coronal Synostosis Using Geometric Morphometric Curve-Based Analysis

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0406openalex-snapshot

Phenotypic integration and modularity drives skull shape divergence in the Arctic fox ( Vulpes lagopus ) from the Commander Islands

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2015.0049openalex-snapshot

The morphological state space revisited: what do phylogenetic patterns in homoplasy tell us about the number of possible character states?

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0476openalex-snapshot

A comparison of metrics for quantifying cranial suture complexity

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190201openalex-snapshot

Shifts in cranial integration associated with ecological specialization in pinnipeds (Mammalia, Carnivora)

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.2005openalex-snapshot

Developmental palaeontology in synapsids: the fossil record of ontogeny in mammals and their closest relatives

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2031openalex-snapshot

Biting through constraints: cranial morphology, disparity and convergence across living and fossil carnivorous mammals

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2671openalex-snapshot

Conserved but flexible modularity in the zebrafish skull: implications for craniofacial evolvability

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1604openalex-snapshot

Early bursts of disparity and the reorganization of character integration

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0319openalex-snapshot

Functional constraints during development limit jaw shape evolution in marsupials

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2025.0943openalex-snapshot

Building a predator: macroevolutionary patterns in the skull of abelisaurid dinosaurs

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0350openalex-snapshot

Developmental constraints on behavioural flexibility

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0249openalex-snapshot

Studying morphological integration and modularity at multiple levels: concepts and analysis

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0254openalex-snapshot

The macroevolutionary consequences of phenotypic integration: from development to deep time

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0258openalex-snapshot

Phenotypic integration in style dimorphic daffodils ( Narcissus , Amaryllidaceae) with different pollinators

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2022.0081openalex-snapshot

Evolution, conservatism and overlooked homologies of the mammalian skull

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2022.0083openalex-snapshot

Developmental origin underlies evolutionary rate variation across the placental skull

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/054569openalex-snapshot

Steep difference between ecotypes and intermediate phenotype depression for shell trait integration in a marine snail hybrid zone

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2022.09.20.508664openalex-snapshot

Climate influences bill shape diversification in cavity-excavating birds

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.17.660249openalex-snapshot

Conservation and lability within the structure of mandibular integration in “old endemic” Australian rodents

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.05.663294openalex-snapshot

Revalidation of Manis aurita based on integrative genomic and morphological evidence

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1101/423228openalex-snapshot

Detecting mosaic patterns in macroevolutionary disparity

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13561openalex-snapshot

Morphological diversity in the sensory system of phyllostomid bats: Implications for acoustic and dietary ecology

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.70044openalex-snapshot

Complete metamorphosis promotes morphological and functional diversity in Caudata

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12511openalex-snapshot

Evaluating modularity in morphometric data: challenges with the RV coefficient and a new test measure

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/ahe.12646openalex-snapshot

An anatomical study of the dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae and middle nasal conchae in normal Shetland ponies: Computed tomographic anatomical and morphometric findings

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12203openalex-snapshot

Association between integration structure and functional evolution in the opercular four-bar apparatus of the threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus(Pisces: Gasterosteidae)

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12314openalex-snapshot

Evolution of skull and body shape inTriturusnewts reconstructed from three-dimensional morphometric data and phylogeny

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/ede.12190openalex-snapshot

Competing influences on morphological modularity in biomechanical systems: a case study in mantis shrimp

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/ede.12218openalex-snapshot

Unravelling intravertebral integration, modularity and disparity in Felidae (Mammalia)

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/ede.12279openalex-snapshot

Spandrels and trait delimitation: No such thing as “architectural constraint”

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/ede.12323openalex-snapshot

Developmental plasticity associated with early structural integration and evolutionary patterns: Examples of developmental bias and developmental facilitation in the skeletal system

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/ede.12418openalex-snapshot

Modularity in the trilobite head consistent with the hypothesized segmental origin of the eyes

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12185openalex-snapshot

MODULARITY AND RATES OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IN A POWER-AMPLIFIED PREY CAPTURE SYSTEM

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12566openalex-snapshot

Patterns of morphological integration in the appendicular skeleton of mammalian carnivores

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12743openalex-snapshot

A new phylogenetic test for comparing multiple high-dimensional evolutionary rates suggests interplay of evolutionary rates and modularity in lanternfishes (Myctophiformes; Myctophidae)

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12956openalex-snapshot

EMMLi: A maximum likelihood approach to the analysis of modularity

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13464openalex-snapshot

The evolution of ontogenetic allometric trajectories in mammalian domestication

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13495openalex-snapshot

Evolution of morphological integration in the skull of Carnivora (Mammalia): Changes in Canidae lead to increased evolutionary potential of facial traits

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13514openalex-snapshot

Carnivory maintains cranial dimorphism between males and females: Evidence for niche divergence in extant Musteloidea

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13608openalex-snapshot

A fly in a tube: Macroevolutionary expectations for integrated phenotypes

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13715openalex-snapshot

A multiple peak adaptive landscape based on feeding strategies and roosting ecology shaped the evolution of cranial covariance structure and morphological differentiation in phyllostomid bats

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13867openalex-snapshot

Comparing the strength of modular signal, and evaluating alternative modular hypotheses, using covariance ratio effect sizes with morphometric data

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13984openalex-snapshot

Evolutionary integration of the frog cranium

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14130openalex-snapshot

Morphological integration and modularity in the hyperkinetic feeding system of aquatic‐foraging snakes

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14188openalex-snapshot

A test for rate‐coupling of trophic and cranial evolutionary dynamics in New World bats

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14578openalex-snapshot

Decoupled evolution of the cranium and mandible in carnivoran mammals

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14621openalex-snapshot

Evidence for an evo‐devo‐derived hypothesis on three‐dimensional flower shape modularity in a tropical orchid clade

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01011.xopenalex-snapshot

Does the skull carry a phylogenetic signal? Evolution and modularity in the guenons

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02477.xopenalex-snapshot

Shape, variance and integration during craniogenesis: contrasting marsupial and placental mammals

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02612.xopenalex-snapshot

Two‐module organization of the mandible in the yellow‐necked mouse: a comparison between two different morphometric approaches

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.2011.00539.xopenalex-snapshot

The contribution of developmental palaeontology to extensions of evolutionary theory

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01015.xopenalex-snapshot

Heritability of human cranial dimensions: comparing the evolvability of different cranial regions

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01061.xopenalex-snapshot

The evolution of orbit orientation and encephalization in the Carnivora (Mammalia)

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-142x.2007.00161.xopenalex-snapshot

Cranial modularity and sequence heterochrony in mammals

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-142x.2007.00199.xopenalex-snapshot

Evolution of craniofacial novelty in parrots through developmental modularity and heterochrony

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-142x.2008.00290.xopenalex-snapshot

Modularity of the rodent mandible: Integrating bones, muscles, and teeth

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-142x.2009.00347.xopenalex-snapshot

Morphometric integration and modularity in configurations of landmarks: tools for evaluating a priori hypotheses

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-142x.2011.00503.xopenalex-snapshot

Skeletal ossification and sequence heterochrony in xenarthran evolution

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00321.xopenalex-snapshot

THE EVOLUTIONARY ROLE OF MODULARITY AND INTEGRATION IN THE HOMINOID CRANIUM

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01496.xopenalex-snapshot

PERVASIVE GENETIC INTEGRATION DIRECTS THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SKULL SHAPE

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01519.xopenalex-snapshot

ROLES FOR MODULARITY AND CONSTRAINT IN THE EVOLUTION OF CRANIAL DIVERSITY AMONGANOLISLIZARDS

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01757.xopenalex-snapshot

A MODULAR FRAMEWORK CHARACTERIZES MICRO- AND MACROEVOLUTION OF OLD WORLD MONKEY DENTITIONS

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12160openalex-snapshot

Integration of the mammalian shoulder girdle within populations and over evolutionary time

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12235openalex-snapshot

Does nasal echolocation influence the modularity of the mammal skull?

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13480openalex-snapshot

Evolutionary transition between bee pollination and hummingbird pollination in Salvia : Comparing means, variances and covariances of corolla traits

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13944openalex-snapshot

The influence of divergent reproductive strategies in shaping modularity and morphological evolution in mammalian jaws

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12246openalex-snapshot

New insights into the phenotypic covariance structure of the anthropoid cranium

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12510openalex-snapshot

Patterns of orofacial clefting in the facial morphology of bats: a possible naturally occurring model of cleft palate

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13492openalex-snapshot

Different transformations underlie blowhole and nasal passage development in a toothed whale (Odontoceti:Stenella attenuata) and a baleen whale (Mysticeti:Balaenoptera physalus)

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/joa.70035openalex-snapshot

A suture in time: The ontogeny of cranial suture morphology in mammals

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12383openalex-snapshot

Correlation patterns in roe deer cranium: sexual dimorphism across different habitats

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12463openalex-snapshot

Diet and bite force in red foxes: ontogenetic and sex differences in an invasive carnivore

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12477openalex-snapshot

Morphological integration of the kinetic skull inNatrixsnakes

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12245openalex-snapshot

Multilevel assessment of the Lacertid lizard cranial modularity

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/pala.70013openalex-snapshot

The modular organization of the trilobite head in Ceraurus pleurexanthemus

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12403openalex-snapshot

Cryptic complexity in felid vertebral evolution: shape differentiation and allometry of the axial skeleton

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