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Intimidating voters with violence and mobilizing them with clientelism

https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343318822709
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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

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Balanced-budget redistribution as the outcome of political competition
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Rigging elections with violence
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Violence, bribery, and fraud: the political economy of elections in Sub-Saharan Africa
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2008.04.013openalex-snapshot
Vote buying and violence in Nigerian election campaigns
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All quiet on election day? International election observation and incentives for pre-election violence in African elections
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Do formula-based intergovernmental transfer mechanisms eliminate politically motivated targeting? Evidence from Ghana
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Mobilizing versus chasing: how do parties target voters in election campaigns?
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Why Ethnic Parties Succeed
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Votes and Violence
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Meet the new boss, same as the old boss? The evolution of political clientelism in Africa
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511585869.003openalex-snapshot
Monopoly and monitoring: an approach to political clientelism
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107324909openalex-snapshot
Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2015.6openalex-snapshot
From Sticks to Carrots: Electoral Manipulation in Africa, 1986–2012
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055405051683openalex-snapshot
Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina
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Vote Buying or Turnout Buying? Machine Politics and the Secret Ballot
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Ethnic Quotas and Political Mobilization: Caste, Parties, and Distribution in Indian Village Councils
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007123412000671openalex-snapshot
When Do Governments Resort to Election Violence?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007123414000179openalex-snapshot
Electoral Institutions and Electoral Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007123416000491openalex-snapshot
Electoral Fraud or Violence: The Effect of Observers on Party Manipulation Strategies
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022381610000101openalex-snapshot
International Scrutiny and Pre-Electoral Fiscal Manipulation in Developing Countries
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043887114000045openalex-snapshot
How Aid Targets Votes: The Impact of Electoral Incentives on Foreign Aid Distribution
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Situating soldiers’ demands: mutinies and protests in Burkina Faso
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The Dataset of Countries at Risk of Electoral Violence
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2011.603473openalex-snapshot
Parties and issues in Francophone West Africa: towards a theory of non-mobilization
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2016.1253557openalex-snapshot
Ethnic politics and election campaigns in contemporary Africa: evidence from Ghana and Kenya
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/ads015openalex-snapshot
Wars do end! Changing patterns of political violence in sub-Saharan Africa
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.001.0001openalex-snapshot
The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics
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Closeness Counts in Canada: Voter Participation in the 1993 and 1997 Federal Elections
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How Many Countries for Multilevel Modeling? A Comparison of Frequentist and Bayesian Approaches
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12023openalex-snapshot
Why Vote with the Chief? Political Connections and Public Goods Provision in Zambia
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12086openalex-snapshot
Is Vote Buying Effective? Evidence from a Field Experiment in West Africa
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00443.xopenalex-snapshot
Political Competition and Ethnic Identification in Africa
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-052209-121553openalex-snapshot
Distributive Politics Around the World
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-060514-120923openalex-snapshot
Buying, Expropriating, and Stealing Votes
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414012453448openalex-snapshot
Valence Issues in African Elections
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414012463882openalex-snapshot
When Parties Meet Voters
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414015574882openalex-snapshot
Legitimacy Buying
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414015617963openalex-snapshot
The Ethnic Logic of Campaign Strategy in Diverse Societies
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002709352462openalex-snapshot
Protest, Deterrence, and Escalation: The Strategic Calculus of Government Repression
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002714547902openalex-snapshot
An Inquiry into the Use of Illegal Electoral Practices and Effects of Political Violence and Vote-buying
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343312464881openalex-snapshot
States, the security sector, and the monopoly of violence
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343316687801openalex-snapshot
Perils of pluralism: Electoral violence and incumbency in sub-Saharan Africa
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343318823870openalex-snapshot
Electoral contention and violence (ECAV): A new dataset
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068805053210openalex-snapshot
The Puzzle of African Party Systems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068810376779openalex-snapshot
Who votes in Africa? An examination of electoral participation in 10 African countries
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20130397openalex-snapshot
Crossing Party Lines: The Effects of Information on Redistributive Politics
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.2.310openalex-snapshot
The Real Swing Voter's Curse
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2002.0031openalex-snapshot
Elections Without Democracy: The Menu of Manipulation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2003.0018openalex-snapshot
Clientelism and Voting Behavior: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Benin
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1515/9781685854171openalex-snapshot
Voting and Democratic Citizenship in Africa
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/2069338openalex-snapshot
Ethnic Groups in Conflict.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/2131098openalex-snapshot
Electoral Politics as a Redistributive Game
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/2960152openalex-snapshot
The Determinants of Success of Special Interests in Redistributive Politics
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Votes, money and violence: political parties and elections in sub-Saharan Africa

What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

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Social Media and Electoral Disagreements in Ghana’s 2020 Election
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-06918-4_108-1openalex-snapshot
Clientelism
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2022.105906openalex-snapshot
Clientelism and violence: The politics of informal economy
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2023.102583openalex-snapshot
Election type and the logic of pre-election violence: Evidence from Zimbabwe
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2025.103034openalex-snapshot
Party organizational strength and voter turnout in authoritarian regimes
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107281openalex-snapshot
Clientelist politics in Nigeria: Core voters, control and compliance
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2026.107566openalex-snapshot
Arrested development: analyzing popular resistance against the arrest of war-criminals in DR Congo and Liberia
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/9781009323208openalex-snapshot
The Puzzle of Clientelism
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2024.17openalex-snapshot
Viewing Violence through a Partisan Lens: How Electoral Violence Shapes Citizens' Support for Democracy
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1017/s0007123421000132openalex-snapshot
Protecting the Vote? Peacekeeping Presence and the Risk of Electoral Violence
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2026.2651438openalex-snapshot
Family and the ballot: the impact of loved ones on women’s electoral participation during violent elections
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2024.2347214openalex-snapshot
Chiefs and Pre-Election Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Precolonial Legacy of Centralized States
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2021.1901688openalex-snapshot
The geography of regime support and political violence
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2024.2325367openalex-snapshot
When do agents deliver the vote? A vote-popularity function in electoral manipulation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2020.1758073openalex-snapshot
Party system institutionalization and the 2019 state elections in Nigeria
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2024.2318193openalex-snapshot
The Power of Appointment: Political Appointments, Electoral Competition and Electoral Violence in Côte d’Ivoire
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2023.2191951openalex-snapshot
Win big, buy more: political parties, competition and electoral clientelism
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1086/718976openalex-snapshot
The Effect of Wartime Legacies on Electoral Mobilization after Civil War
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1086/732958openalex-snapshot
Why Do Civil War Successor Parties Renounce Violence?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/jopres/xjaf022openalex-snapshot
Beyond the ballot box: the effect of election violence on electoral participation in Africa
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199846733-0238openalex-snapshot
African Political Parties
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197500408.001.0001openalex-snapshot
Life in the Political Machine
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197500408.002.0003openalex-snapshot
Copyright Page
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197500408.003.0001openalex-snapshot
Welcome to the Machine
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197500408.003.0002openalex-snapshot
Dominant-Party Citizens
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197500408.003.0003openalex-snapshot
Conceptualizing and Measuring Dominant-Party Enclaves
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197500408.003.0004openalex-snapshot
Tilling the Soil of an Uneven Landscape
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197500408.003.0005openalex-snapshot
The View from Inside the Machine
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197500408.003.0006openalex-snapshot
Severed Linkages
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197500408.003.0007openalex-snapshot
Stacking the Deck
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197500408.003.0008openalex-snapshot
Conclusion
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197500408.005.0001openalex-snapshot
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197679487.001.0001openalex-snapshot
Nasty Politics
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197679487.002.0003openalex-snapshot
Copyright Page
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197679487.002.0004openalex-snapshot
Dedication
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197679487.002.0006openalex-snapshot
Preface
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197679487.002.0007openalex-snapshot
Acknowledgments
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197679487.002.0008openalex-snapshot
List of Figures
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197679487.002.0009openalex-snapshot
List of Tables
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197679487.003.0001openalex-snapshot
The Nasty Style of Politics
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197679487.003.0002openalex-snapshot
A Theory of Nasty Politics
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197679487.003.0003openalex-snapshot
From Insults to Incitement in U.S., Ukrainian, and Israeli Politics
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197679487.003.0004openalex-snapshot
How Does the Public Respond to Nasty Rhetoric?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197679487.003.0005openalex-snapshot
Which Politicians Choose to Get Nasty and When?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197679487.003.0006openalex-snapshot
What Do the Experts Think about Nasty Politics?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197679487.003.0007openalex-snapshot
Nasty Politics and Its Implications for Democracy
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197679487.003.0008openalex-snapshot
Prelude to War, a Coup and an Insurrection, and Concluding Thoughts
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197679487.005.0001openalex-snapshot
Ukrainian Politics Overview
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198872825.001.0001openalex-snapshot
Controlling Territory, Controlling Voters
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198872825.002.0004openalex-snapshot
Copyright Page
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198872825.002.0006openalex-snapshot
Dedication
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198872825.002.0008openalex-snapshot
List of Figures
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198872825.002.0009openalex-snapshot
List of Tables
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198872825.002.0010openalex-snapshot
List of Abbreviations
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198872825.003.0001openalex-snapshot
Introduction
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198872825.003.0002openalex-snapshot
An Electoral Geography Theory of Campaign Violence
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198872825.003.0003openalex-snapshot
Democracy, Elections, and Electoral Geography in Zambia
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198872825.003.0004openalex-snapshot
Campaign Violence in Zambia
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198872825.003.0005openalex-snapshot
Individual-Level Fear, Electoral Geography, and Political Participation in Zambia
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198872825.003.0006openalex-snapshot
Democracy, Elections, and Electoral Geography in Malawi
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198872825.003.0007openalex-snapshot
Campaign Violence in Malawi
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198872825.003.0008openalex-snapshot
Extending the Argument
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198872825.003.0009openalex-snapshot
Conclusion
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198872825.005.0001openalex-snapshot
Appendix
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192868282.013.20openalex-snapshot
Accidental Cumulation in Studies of Clientelism, Vote Buying, and Governance
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197777497.013.0022openalex-snapshot
Voter (De)Mobilization
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12921openalex-snapshot
Voting decision‐making of low‐income consumers: Literature review and research agenda
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/00220027211021620openalex-snapshot
Introducing the Deadly Electoral Conflict Dataset (DECO)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/00220027221121141openalex-snapshot
Incumbent-Aligned Terrorism and Voting Behavior: Evidence from Argentina’s 1973 Elections
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/00220027241267209openalex-snapshot
From Cooptation to Violence: Managing Competitive Authoritarian Elections
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/00220027241298890openalex-snapshot
Voter Intimidation as a Tool of Mobilization or Demobilization? Evidence from West Bengal, India
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0022343318823870openalex-snapshot
Electoral contention and violence (ECAV): A new dataset
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0022343319884985openalex-snapshot
Unequal votes, unequal violence: Malapportionment and election violence in India
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0022343319884990openalex-snapshot
Pre-election violence and territorial control: Political dominance and subnational election violence in polarized African electoral systems
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0022343319884998openalex-snapshot
Carrots and sticks: Experimental evidence of vote-buying and voter intimidation in Guatemala
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0022343319885177openalex-snapshot
Political party strength and electoral violence
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0022343319889657openalex-snapshot
Electoral violence: An introduction
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0022343320973724openalex-snapshot
Local ethno-political polarization and election violence in majoritarian vs. proportional systems
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/00223433221147938openalex-snapshot
Polls of fear? Electoral violence, incumbent strength, and voter turnout in Côte d’Ivoire
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/00223433231168190openalex-snapshot
Pulling through elections by pulling the plug: Internet disruptions and electoral violence in Uganda
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/00223433231214427openalex-snapshot
Beyond economic development? Foreign direct investment and pre-election violence
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/00223433241279379openalex-snapshot
Extreme weather and contentious elections
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/00223433251342434openalex-snapshot
Strategic disruptions: The subnational targeting of internet shutdowns in India
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/00223433251347763openalex-snapshot
Political violence and anti-system voting in interwar Italy
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/00223433251352656openalex-snapshot
Party competition and the limits of electoral coercion: Evidence from Colombia
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/00223433251352667openalex-snapshot
Does political violence backfire in mature democracies? Evidence from the Capitol insurrection in the USA
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/00223433251360191openalex-snapshot
Explaining election violence: A meta-analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0263395720935029openalex-snapshot
Signals, strongholds, and support: Political party protests in South Africa
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/02633957221132707openalex-snapshot
Buying loyalty: Volatile voters and electoral clientelism
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/05390184241268381openalex-snapshot
Analysis of worldwide research on clientelism: Origins, evolution, and trends
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/07388942211026319openalex-snapshot
Fear of campaign violence and support for democracy and autocracy
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/07388942261434044openalex-snapshot
Intraparty violence: A refined conceptualization and evidence from Africa and South Asia
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1866802x211058739openalex-snapshot
Stigmatized Campaign Practices and the Gendered Dynamics of Electoral Viability
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293239openalex-snapshot
Forensic analysis of the Turkey 2023 presidential election reveals extreme vote swings in remote areas
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2307/jj.6445837openalex-snapshot
Quantitative Daten in bildungswissenschaftlichen Disziplinen
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3224/84742687openalex-snapshot
Quantitative Daten in bildungswissenschaftlichen Disziplinen
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.33063/pbj.v10i1.152openalex-snapshot
Effect of progovernmental pre-electoral violence upon electoral outcome
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.7440/colombiaint116.2023.05openalex-snapshot
Entre la identidad y la ideología: factores de riesgo de violencia electoral para las candidaturas a las elecciones legislativas del 2022 en Colombia
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