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The Dynamics of Political Incivility on Twitter

https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020919447
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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

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Informing the Public: How Party Communication Builds Opportunity Structures
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PERSONALIZED CAMPAIGNS IN PARTY-CENTRED POLITICS
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BETWEEN BROADCASTING POLITICAL MESSAGES AND INTERACTING WITH VOTERS
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Politics in 140 Characters or Less: Campaign Communication, Network Interaction, and Political Participation on Twitter
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The EU Parliament on Twitter—Assessing the Permanent Online Practices of Parliamentarians
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Incivility Online: Affective and Behavioral Reactions to Uncivil Political Posts in a Web-based Experiment
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Twitter use in election campaigns: A systematic literature review
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Congressional Candidates' Use of YouTube in 2008: Its Frequency and Rationale
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The Online Disinhibition Effect
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How (Not) to Talk on Twitter: Effects of Politicians' Tweets on Perceptions of the Twitter Environment
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The New Public Address System: Why Do World Leaders Adopt Social Media?
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The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication
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The Political Uses and Abuses of Civility and Incivility
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Elite‐public interaction on twitter: EU issue expansion in the campaign
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On-Line Interaction and Why Candidates Avoid It
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00233.xopenalex-snapshot
Beyond Negativity: The Effects of Incivility on the Electorate
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12009openalex-snapshot
The “Nasty Effect:” Online Incivility and Risk Perceptions of Emerging Technologies
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12087openalex-snapshot
The Logic of Political Coverage on Twitter: Temporal Dynamics and Content
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12104openalex-snapshot
Online and Uncivil? Patterns and Determinants of Incivility in Newspaper Website Comments
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12259openalex-snapshot
A Bad Workman Blames His Tweets: The Consequences of Citizens' Uncivil Twitter Use When Interacting With Party Candidates
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-1021-2016006openalex-snapshot
Sexism, harassment and violence against women parliamentarians
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415583700openalex-snapshot
Harassment, stalking, threats and attacks targeting New Zealand politicians: A mental health issue
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650212449353openalex-snapshot
Does It Matter Where You Read the News Story? Interaction of Incivility and News Frames in the Political Blogosphere
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439313489258openalex-snapshot
Social Media and Campaign 2012
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314558836openalex-snapshot
Understanding the Political Representativeness of Twitter Users
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615594620openalex-snapshot
Tweeting From Left to Right
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986213507403openalex-snapshot
Fear of Crime Online? Examining the Effect of Risk, Previous Victimization, and Exposure on Fear of Online Interpersonal Victimization
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068813487103openalex-snapshot
Candidate campaigning in parliamentary systems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444804041444openalex-snapshot
Democracy online: civility, politeness, and the democratic potential of online political discussion groups
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444805050745openalex-snapshot
New mediation and direct representation: reconceptualizing representation in the digital age
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814546728openalex-snapshot
New platform, old habits? Candidates’ use of Twitter during the 2010 British and Dutch general election campaigns
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816661710openalex-snapshot
This is why we can’t have nice things: Mapping the relationship between online trolling and mainstream culture
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816669158openalex-snapshot
Thanks for (actually) responding! How citizen demand shapes politicians’ interactive practices on Twitter
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817749516openalex-snapshot
Twitter versus Facebook: Comparing incivility, impoliteness, and deliberative attributes
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x9101900101openalex-snapshot
Candidates, Issues, Horse Races, and Hoopla
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168018816228openalex-snapshot
Politicians in the line of fire: Incivility and the treatment of women on social media
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1300/j202v06n03_06openalex-snapshot
Offline Consequences of Online Victimization
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400865871openalex-snapshot
In-Your-Face Politics
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Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Language
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Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association
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Political Disaffection in Contemporary Democracies
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351051989-9openalex-snapshot
Disentangling Uncivil and Intolerant Discourse in Online Political Talk
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351209434-10openalex-snapshot
“Little Marco,” “Lyin’ Ted,” “Crooked Hillary,” and the “Biased” Media
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400656026openalex-snapshot
Gendertrolling
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Latent dirichlet allocation
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8. Brighter Lights, Wider Windows: Presenting Congress in the 1990s
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.192317openalex-snapshot
In-your-face politics: the consequences of uncivil media
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.32-2411openalex-snapshot
The decline of comity in Congress
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Rude democracy: civility and incivility in American politics
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Disrespectful Democracy

What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

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Violent political rhetoric on Twitter
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Damage Control: How Campaign Teams Interpret and Respond to Online Incivility
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Nasty Politics
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Copyright Page
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Dedication
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Preface
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Acknowledgments
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List of Figures
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List of Tables
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The Nasty Style of Politics
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A Theory of Nasty Politics
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From Insults to Incitement in U.S., Ukrainian, and Israeli Politics
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How Does the Public Respond to Nasty Rhetoric?
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Which Politicians Choose to Get Nasty and When?
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What Do the Experts Think about Nasty Politics?
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Nasty Politics and Its Implications for Democracy
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Prelude to War, a Coup and an Insurrection, and Concluding Thoughts
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Ukrainian Politics Overview
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Liberals and conservatives share information differently on social media
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Entrepreneurs of conflict: A descriptive analysis of when and how political elites use divisive rhetoric
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Ruling the Digital Environment at Last?
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Unpacking the complexity of online incivility: an analysis of characteristics and impact of uncivil behavior during the Hong Kong protests
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A moderated mediation analysis of the impact of Facebook network heterogeneity on affective polarization among ethnic groups in Afghanistan
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What to predict from Twitter Data?
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Elite‐public interaction on twitter: EU issue expansion in the campaign
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Citizens’ perceptions of online abuse directed at politicians: Evidence from a survey experiment
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Understanding attitudes toward Spain's Trans Law: A content analysis
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An outbreak of appreciation: A discursive analysis of tweets of gratitude expressed to the National Health Service at the outset of the COVID‐19 pandemic
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Presidential candidates nobody wants?
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Incivility and Washington’s NFL Franchise: Exploring Uncivil Discourse in Sports Blog Comment Sections
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Untrustworthy sources on Facebook and Instagram in 2020: Concentrated exposure but no attitudinal effects
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How do social media feed algorithms affect attitudes and behavior in an election campaign?
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Reshares on social media amplify political news but do not detectably affect beliefs or opinions
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Hate Speech in the Political Discourse on Social Media: Disparities Across Parties, Gender, and Ethnicity
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The Filter Market: A Speculative Interface for Buying and Performing Civility in Online Comments
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Language and Factional Polarity in the Movement for Democratic Change in Zimbabwe
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Analyzing Multi-Lingual Discussions of the Standard Gauge Railway Project in Kenya Using Natural Language Processing and Social Media Analysis
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How Contextual Features Shape Incivility Over Time: An Analysis of the Evolution and Determinants of Political Incivility in Televised Election Debates (1985–2019)
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When Sexism Becomes the Norm: The Effect of Sexism on Women’s Participation in Political Online Discussions
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From Hate Speech to Collective Action Intentions: The Role of Counter-Speech and Accuracy Cues Among Targeted Minorities
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The role of democratic values in shaping perceptions of political incivility in European liberal democracies
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Victimological perspectives on police reporting among elected representatives in Sweden
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Online and Unkind: Examining the Personality Correlates of Online Political Incivility
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Incivility in Comparison: How Context, Content, and Personal Characteristics Predict Exposure to Uncivil Content
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Incivility in Reddit’s Top Political and News Subreddits: Prevalence, Moderation, and Engagement
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/08944393261423174openalex-snapshot
Filtering out the Opposition: How Cross-Cutting Discussions Increase Unfriending Through Political Corrections and Insults in Spain and Germany
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/08944393261437636openalex-snapshot
Contagion Mechanisms and Emotional Group Polarization Outcomes of Online Toxicity: An Information Ecology Perspective
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/10659129221078863openalex-snapshot
Online Incivility in the 2020 Congressional Elections
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211017920openalex-snapshot
Political discourses, ideologies, and online coalitions in the Brazilian Congress on Twitter during 2019
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211032980openalex-snapshot
Digital nativism: Twitter, migration discourse and the 2019 election
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231190901openalex-snapshot
Navigating the gray areas of content moderation: Professional moderators’ perspectives on uncivil user comments and the role of (AI-based) technological tools
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/14614448251385085openalex-snapshot
Gender and social media campaigning: Opportunities for women candidates to close the gender gap in Dutch politics?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/14614448261423535openalex-snapshot
Deliberative quality and discursive incivility in authoritarian context: An analysis of Covid-19 discussions on Facebook in Vietnam
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/14614448261430019openalex-snapshot
Compounded marginalization in social media politics: How religious and gender identities shape online harassment and the cost of political engagement
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/14614448261433479openalex-snapshot
Disconnective practices and partisan polarization: Persian Twitter’s fragmented public sphere
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/14789299241258099openalex-snapshot
Part of the Job? The Effect of Exposure to the Online Intimidation of Politicians on Political Ambition
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x221109516openalex-snapshot
Incivility in Congressional Tweets
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x241309627openalex-snapshot
Incivility or Invalidity? Evaluating Perspective API Scores as a Measure of Political Incivility
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/19401612231221806openalex-snapshot
When Social Media Attack: How Exposure to Political Attacks on Social Media Promotes Anger and Political Cynicism
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/19485506221083811openalex-snapshot
Incivility Is Rising Among American Politicians on Twitter
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/20563051241232907openalex-snapshot
Twitter Communication Among Democracy Actors: How Interacting With Journalists and Elected Officials Influence People’s Government Performance Assessment and Trust
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/20563051241265863openalex-snapshot
The Political Twittersphere as a Breeding Ground for Populist Ideas: The Case of Israel
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/20563051241298415openalex-snapshot
Politicians Under Fire: Citizens’ Incivility Against Political Leaders on Social Media
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/20563051241304493openalex-snapshot
Torrential Twitter? Measuring the Severity of Harassment When Canadian Female Politicians Tweet About Climate Change
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/20563051261479963openalex-snapshot
Like Walking a Tightrope: User-Centric Perspectives on Content in Need of Moderation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/20570473251314521openalex-snapshot
“When you’re a star, they let you do it”: Trump, Twitter, and moral disengagement
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281475openalex-snapshot
Winning! Election returns and engagement in social media
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310624openalex-snapshot
“Are you listening?”: Experiences shared online by family caregivers of patients in the palliative phase during the Covid-19-pandemic
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.14201/alh.31891openalex-snapshot
El encanto del personalismo: explicando el ascenso de Nayib Bukele en El Salvador
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.14746/ssp.2025.2.3openalex-snapshot
TikTok i X jako narzędzia komunikacji politycznej w kampanii parlamentarnej w 2023 roku w Polsce
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1515/9783111386034-003openalex-snapshot
231.2 Social Media Networks and the Breakdown of Interaction and Innovation: How Toxic Social Media Networks May Impact ‘Organisational Entrepreneurship’
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.15847/obsobs16320222076openalex-snapshot
La lucha contra la desinformación en Twitter y en la prensa: el debate en torno al #Ministeriodelaverdad en España
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v18i1.31323openalex-snapshot
A Crisis of Civility? Modeling Incivility and Its Effects in Political Discourse Online
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.16997/jdd.1413openalex-snapshot
Deliberative Qualities of Online Abortion Discourse: Incivility and Intolerance in the American and Irish Abortion Discussions on Twitter
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.17356/ieejsp.v6i2.739openalex-snapshot
Emotional Communication and Participation in Politics
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.alw-1.12openalex-snapshot
Developing a New Classifier for Automated Identification of Incivility in Social Media
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.eacl-main.225openalex-snapshot
From Toxicity in Online Comments to Incivility in American News: Proceed with Caution
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2065420/v1openalex-snapshot
Does Endorsement from Political Elites Affect Tweeting Behaviour? Studying the Effects of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Tweets in 2019
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2065420/v2openalex-snapshot
Does Endorsement from Political Elites Affect Tweeting Behaviour? Studying the Effects of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Tweets in 2019
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2065420/v3openalex-snapshot
How Do Supporters Respond When Mentioned on Twitter by a Political Elite? Examining the Impact of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Tweets in the 2019 Indian General Election
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3304585/v1openalex-snapshot
Polarized Speech on Online Platforms
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5146310openalex-snapshot
The Impact of Facebook Network Heterogeneity on Ethnic Polarization in Afghanistan: A Multi-Mediation Analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21608/jsb.2022.228634openalex-snapshot
معالجة الصفحات الرسمیة الحکومیة والإعلامیة على الفیسبوک للأزمات السیاسیة فی مصر بعد 30 یونیة- دراسة تحلیلیة
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2196/37635openalex-snapshot
Emotions and Incivility in Vaccine Mandate Discourse: Natural Language Processing Insights
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2196/50367openalex-snapshot
Incivility in COVID-19 Vaccine Mandate Discourse and Moral Foundations: Natural Language Processing Approach
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.22201/iis.rld.2026.3.33openalex-snapshot
Cuatro tesis sobre la transformación de la esfera pública y el surgimiento de nuevos autoritarismos
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.22364/bjellc.14.2024openalex-snapshot
Baltic Journal of English Language, Literature and Culture, Vol. 14
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.22364/bjellc.14.2024.06openalex-snapshot
Impoliteness in Twitter Discourse: a Case Study of Replies to Donald Trump and Greta Thunberg
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2023.299openalex-snapshot
Incivility on Popular Politics and News Subreddits: An Analysis of In-groups, Community Guidelines and Relationships with Social Media Engagement
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.25300/misq/2024/18788openalex-snapshot
Defending Your Own or Trolling the Haters: A Configurational Approach to Incivility in Online Communities
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.26441/rc24.1-2025-3691openalex-snapshot
Gendered dynamics of Twitter engagement: An analysis of Colombian parliamentarians during electoral and non-electoral periods
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v11i3.952openalex-snapshot
Anies Rasyid Baswedan’s Political Communication in Facing the 2024 Election
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.28918/muwazah.v14i1.5152openalex-snapshot
A Systematic Literature Review of Gender and Politics: Stereotypes of Gender in Political Zone on Social Media
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.29105/gmjmx18.35-4openalex-snapshot
Análisis de la protesta digital #NosotrasTenemosOtrosDatos en Twitter durante la pandemia de la COVID-19
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.30970/ps.2022.14openalex-snapshot
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.30970/ps.2022.14.2openalex-snapshot
The functioning of hate speech in peacetime and wartime conditions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/st2keopenalex-snapshot
The Nature of Online Talk: Incivility of Opposing Views and Affective Polarization
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/x59qtopenalex-snapshot
Liberals Engage With More Diverse Policy Topics and Toxic Content Than Conservatives on Social Media
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2hku3openalex-snapshot
Incivility is Rising among American Politicians on Twitter
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/gz3xf_v1openalex-snapshot
Sharing is Caring (about Research): Three Avenues for Sharing (Protected) Text Collections and the Need for Non-Consumptive Research
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/p3z9vopenalex-snapshot
A Systematic Review of Worldwide Causal and Correlational Evidence on Digital Media and Democracy
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2021.mar.18openalex-snapshot
Activación de encuadres en red. Un modelo para repensar la circulación de sentidos en el nuevo entorno mediático
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.32870/pk.a13n25.800openalex-snapshot
Polarization of the feminist movement in Mexico based on digital methods, the sentiment analysis and the hashtags #UNAMFeminista and #UNAMSinTransfobia
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.741605openalex-snapshot
Over-Time Trends in Incivility on Social Media: Evidence From Political, Non-Political, and Mixed Sub-Reddits Over Eleven Years
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2022.809805openalex-snapshot
Patterns of Incivility on U.S. Congress Members' Social Media Accounts: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Influence of Platform, Post, and Person Characteristics
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2022.921188openalex-snapshot
Affective polarization in crosscutting communication networks: Offline and online evidence from Spain
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2023.1000511openalex-snapshot
Setting limits to tolerance: An experimental investigation of individual reactions to extremism and violence
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2023.1110953openalex-snapshot
Polarizing publics in Twitter through organic targeting tactics of political incivility
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2024.1385338openalex-snapshot
Emotions of fear and anger as a discursive tool of radical right leaders in Central Eastern Europe
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1357907openalex-snapshot
Stalking, harassment, gendered abuse, and violence towards politicians in the COVID-19 pandemic and recovery era
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer19030117openalex-snapshot
Prevalence of Online Political Incivility: Mediation Effects of Cognitive and Affective Involvement
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12030180openalex-snapshot
Hate and Incivilities in Hashtags against Women Candidates in Chile (2021–2022)
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.35817/publicuho.v8i1.671openalex-snapshot
PREFERENSI MAHASISWA TERHADAP PASANGAN CALON PRESIDEN DAN WAKIL PRESIDEN PADA PEMILIHAN UMUM 2024
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-6566-4.ch007openalex-snapshot
Artificial Intelligence and Media Literacy in Digital Misinformation Research
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5117/ccr2023.1.7.zinnopenalex-snapshot
Political discussions in online oppositional communities in the non-democratic context
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.51685/jqd.2021.001openalex-snapshot
Connective Effervescence and Streaming Chat During Political Debates
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5209/dcin.87757openalex-snapshot
Parlamentarios en Twitter: Una revisión de la literatura
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5817/cp2026-3-1openalex-snapshot
Towards a typology of online users in response to incivility: A latent profile analysis across six countries
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