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Motivated use of information about others: Linking the 2 × 2 achievement goal model to social comparison propensities and processes
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1 of the 78 references listed on this page is in the Retraction Watch database as retracted (export 2026-10-28): 10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.468 (notice 2013-01-01).
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What this work says
Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.590openalex-snapshot
The influence of mastery‐avoidance goals on performance improvement
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.81openalex-snapshot
Social comparison choices in the classroom: further evidence for students' upward comparison tendency and its beneficial impact on performance
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4237-7openalex-snapshot
Handbook of Social Comparison
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4237-7_1openalex-snapshot
A Selective History of Classic and Neo-Social Comparison Theory
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(66)90060-6openalex-snapshot
Studies in social comparison—Introduction and overview
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(66)90062-xopenalex-snapshot
Motivation as a determinant of upward comparison
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(66)90063-1openalex-snapshot
Threat as a determinant of downward comparison
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(66)90064-3openalex-snapshot
Self-evaluation, self-enhancement, and the locus of social comparison
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012619070-0/50028-3openalex-snapshot
Meaning and motivation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.01.006openalex-snapshot
Implicit theories of intelligence and IQ test performance in adolescents with Generalized Anxiety Disorder
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2004.06.003openalex-snapshot
Performance-approach goals: good or bad forms of regulation?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.01.008openalex-snapshot
How to increase academic performance in children with oppositional defiant disorder? An implicit theory effect
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2007.07.003openalex-snapshot
Implicit theories and IQ test performance: A sequential mediational analysis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.09.007openalex-snapshot
Social comparison: The end of a theory and the emergence of a field
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1031(02)00017-3openalex-snapshot
The trichotomous achievement goal model and intrinsic motivation: a sequential mediational analysis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1009057102306openalex-snapshot
Achievement Goals and the Hierarchical Model of Achievement Motivation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1009061303214openalex-snapshot
Academic Self-Handicapping: What We Know, What More There is to Learn
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.87.3.347openalex-snapshot
Motivational and informational functions and consequences of children's attention to peers' work.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.78.5.965openalex-snapshot
Making judgments about ability: The role of implicit theories of ability in moderating inferences from temporal and social comparison information.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.1.23openalex-snapshot
The "relative self": Informational and judgmental consequences of comparative self-evaluation.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.4.563openalex-snapshot
Downward comparison in everyday life: Reconciling self-enhancement models with the mood-cognition priming model.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.83.4.865openalex-snapshot
Comparison-level preferences after performance: Is downward comparison theory still useful?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.41.10.1040openalex-snapshot
Motivational processes affecting learning.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.84.3.261openalex-snapshot
Classrooms: Goals, structures, and student motivation.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.94.3.638openalex-snapshot
Revision of achievement goal theory: Necessary and illuminating.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.96.3.569openalex-snapshot
Perceived Achievement Goal Structure and College Student Help Seeking.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.575openalex-snapshot
Evidence of social comparison in mastery goals in natural academic settings.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.1.140openalex-snapshot
Social comparison and depression: Company's effect on misery.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.5.760openalex-snapshot
Social comparison in everyday life.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.934openalex-snapshot
What young people want to know when: Effects of mastery and ability goals on interest in different kinds of social comparisons.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.1.18openalex-snapshot
Effects of task- and ego-achievement goals on information seeking during task engagement.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.825openalex-snapshot
The waxing and waning of the social self: Assimilation and contrast in social comparison.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.461openalex-snapshot
Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A mediational analysis.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.129openalex-snapshot
Individual differences in social comparison: Development of a scale of social comparison orientation.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.420openalex-snapshot
When better-than-others compare upward: Choice of comparison and comparative evaluation as independent predictors of academic performance.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1011openalex-snapshot
Social presence effects in the Stroop task: Further evidence for an attentional view of social facilitation.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.956openalex-snapshot
An event-related potential analysis of extraversion and individual differences in cognitive processing speed and response execution.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.501openalex-snapshot
A 2 × 2 achievement goal framework.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.467openalex-snapshot
What Friends Are For! The Use of Routine Standards in Social Comparison.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.468openalex-snapshot
From Seeing to Being: Subliminal Social Comparisons Affect Implicit and Explicit Self-Evaluations.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.4.666openalex-snapshot
The social-cognitive model of achievement motivation and the 2 × 2 achievement goal framework.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.231openalex-snapshot
Theory and research concerning social comparisons of personal attributes.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.51openalex-snapshot
For better or worse: The impact of upward social comparison on self-evaluations.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.90.2.245openalex-snapshot
Downward comparison principles in social psychology.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.84.6.485openalex-snapshot
Temporal comparison theory.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.91.3.328openalex-snapshot
Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.96.4.569openalex-snapshot
Social comparison activity under threat: Downward evaluation and upward contacts.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015558openalex-snapshot
Clarifying the role of social comparison in the big-fish–little-pond effect (BFLPE): An integrative study.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018161openalex-snapshot
The interplay of mastery and performance goals in social comparison: A multiple-goal perspective.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/00207599308246948openalex-snapshot
The Influence of Social Comparison Situations on Individual Task Performance: Experimental Illustrations
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1937.10503522openalex-snapshot
The Use of Ranks to Avoid the Assumption of Normality Implicit in the Analysis of Variance
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/14792772143000085openalex-snapshot
Prospects, Pitfalls, and Plans: A Proactive Perspective on Social Comparison Activity
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1108/s0749-7423(2010)000016a013openalex-snapshot
Advances in Motivation and Achievement
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1108/s0749-742320140000018017openalex-snapshot
Advances in Motivation and Achievement
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.7103005openalex-snapshot
A Motivational Analysis of Defensive Pessimism and Self‐Handicapping
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00191openalex-snapshot
Social Comparison: Why, With Whom, and With What Effect?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1973.tb00097.xopenalex-snapshot
Threat and fear of negative evaluation as determinants of locus of social comparison
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.28.3.344openalex-snapshot
Achievement Goals, Self-Handicapping, and Performance Attainment: A Mediational Analysis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.25.1.58openalex-snapshot
Achievement Goals, Social Goals, and Students’ Reported Persistence and Effort in High School Physical Education
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202openalex-snapshot
A Theory of Social Comparison Processes
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200269004openalex-snapshot
Competence Valuation as a Strategic Intrinsic Motivation Process
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206292093openalex-snapshot
A Novel Approach to Assessing Achievement Goals in the Context of the 2× 2 Framework: Identifying Distinct Profiles of Individuals With Different Dominant Achievement Goals
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167287131011openalex-snapshot
Social Comparison Choice During Ability Evaluation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167296225009openalex-snapshot
What is Social Comparison and How Should We Study it?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep3403_3openalex-snapshot
Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.2307/2066199openalex-snapshot
Social Comparison Processes: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives.
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308321210openalex-snapshot
Social Comparison in the Classroom: A Review
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203888148openalex-snapshot
Handbook of Approach and Avoidance Motivation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203888148.ch35openalex-snapshot
A Reunion for Approach–Avoidance Motivation and Social Comparison
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003469490-18openalex-snapshot
Social Comparison and Coping with Major Medical Problems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003469490-3openalex-snapshot
Serving Self-Relevant Goals Through Social Comparison
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003469490-4openalex-snapshot
Similarity and Self-Esteem in Downward Comparison
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.4324/9781042011414-3openalex-snapshot
Social Comparison and Education
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.27-1049openalex-snapshot
The competitive ethos and democratic education
What points at this work
Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2372openalex-snapshot
Superstars are not necessarily role models: Morality perceptions moderate the impact of competence perceptions on supervisor role modeling
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_1openalex-snapshot
Who are My Peers? Learner-Controlled Social Comparison in a Programming Course
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-017-0333-1openalex-snapshot
Cross-domain effects of achievement goals: social costs and benefits
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0263-zopenalex-snapshot
Selective Visual Attention Towards Oneself and Associated State Body Satisfaction: an Eye-Tracking Study in Adolescents with Different Types of Eating Disorders
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-017-9634-6openalex-snapshot
Goal orientations and social comparison: The role of different motivations in affiliation preferences
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adms.2026.02.001openalex-snapshot
The psychology of winning: Proposing a hierarchical model of achievement goal pursuit in sport
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.01.001openalex-snapshot
Mindful learning: A mediator of mastery experience during digital creativity game-based learning among elementary school students
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2013.03.010openalex-snapshot
Achievement goals of traditional and nontraditional aged college students: Using the 3×2 achievement goal framework
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.01.011openalex-snapshot
The factors related to self-other agreement/disagreement in nursing competence assessment: Comparative and correlational study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2019.03.002openalex-snapshot
Who asks whom for help in mathematics? A sociometric analysis of adolescents' help-seeking within and beyond clique boundaries
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2026.102362openalex-snapshot
Feedback engagement: The roles of social comparison and achievement goals from a variable- and person-centered approach
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102134openalex-snapshot
In the context of a sports match, the goal to win is most important, right? Suggestive evidence for a hierarchical achievement goal system
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101170openalex-snapshot
Exploring profiles of varied types of achievement goals, emotions and digital insight problem solving through cluster analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1037/a0037240openalex-snapshot
To confirm or to conform? Performance goals as a regulator of conflict with more-competent others.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000393openalex-snapshot
Performing under challenge: The differing effects of ability and normative performance goals.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000207openalex-snapshot
Social comparison information, performance expectancy, and performance goal adoption.
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2018.1432759openalex-snapshot
Social comparisons in adults with type 2 diabetes: Patients’ reasons for target selection
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/21683603.2024.2328831openalex-snapshot
Examining the pathways of social comparison and achievement goals to academic grades among South Korean high school students
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-64113-004-220251003openalex-snapshot
Striving to Validate Competence Versus Striving to Attain Normative Superiority
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80686-869-820261004openalex-snapshot
Achievement Goals Revisited: A Self-Based Perspective
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1108/ejm-06-2013-0296openalex-snapshot
Siblings as socialization agents
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12012openalex-snapshot
Assessing does not mean threatening: The purpose of assessment as a key determinant of girls' and boys' performance in a science class
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00457.xopenalex-snapshot
Achievement Goals in Educational Contexts: A Social Psychology Perspective
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12234openalex-snapshot
Achievement goals influence mastery experience via two paths in digital creativity games among elementary school students
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306310openalex-snapshot
Affiliation in times of pandemics: Determinants and consequences
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.17049/jnursology.1535780openalex-snapshot
Nursing Competence of Students: Congruence Between the Perceptions of Nursing Students’ and Their Preceptors’ Assessment
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2196/41239openalex-snapshot
Selection of and Response to Physical Activity–Based Social Comparisons in a Digital Environment: Series of Daily Assessment Studies
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.22099/jtls.2015.3230openalex-snapshot
Role of social comparison orientation and tendencies in Iranian EFL learners academic achievement
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v9i8.2827openalex-snapshot
Achievement goal orientation and academic social comparison emotions in competitive learning environments: Latent profile analysis approach
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.70675/4e6a1683zc708z4499z9d3fzd61461c833ccopenalex-snapshot
Les étudiants de basse classe sociale face au risque de mobilité ascendante : quels impacts sur l’adoption de buts de performance-évitement et sur les performances ?
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