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A Survey on Multi-UAV Path Planning: Classification, Algorithms, Open Research Problems, and Future Directions

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Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

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Multi-UAV Cooperative Path Planning via Mutant Pigeon Inspired Optimization with Group Learning Strategy

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UAV flight coordination for communication networks: genetic algorithms versus game theory

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An adaptive Q-learning based particle swarm optimization for multi-UAV path planning

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A review of artificial intelligence applied to path planning in UAV swarms

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A novel hybrid particle swarm optimization for multi-UAV cooperate path planning

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UAV swarm path planning with reinforcement learning for field prospecting

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Towards Real-Time Path Planning through Deep Reinforcement Learning for a UAV in Dynamic Environments

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Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm and Its Applications: A Systematic Review

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UAV Path Planning Using Optimization Approaches: A Survey

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Optimization of UAV Flight Paths in Multi-UAV Networks for Efficient Data Collection

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Dynamic Path Planning Based on Neural Networks for Aerial Inspection

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Unified path planning for composite UAVs via Fermat point-based grouping particle swarm optimization

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Graph-based multi-agent reinforcement learning for large-scale UAVs swarm system control

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Coverage path planning for multiple unmanned aerial vehicles in maritime search and rescue operations

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Collision free 4D path planning for multiple UAVs based on spatial refined voting mechanism and PSO approach

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Multi-UAV coordination control by chaotic grey wolf optimization based distributed MPC with event-triggered strategy

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Optimized multi-UAV cooperative path planning under the complex confrontation environment

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Multi-UAVs path planning for data harvesting in adversarial scenarios

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Adaptive multi-UAV path planning method based on improved gray wolf algorithm

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Path planning of multiple UAVs with online changing tasks by an ORPFOA algorithm

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Trajectory planning for multi-robot systems: Methods and applications

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Q-Learning based system for Path Planning with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles swarms in obstacle environments

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A novel multi-objective evolutionary algorithm with a two-fold constraint-handling mechanism for multiple UAV path planning

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A parallel particle swarm optimization and enhanced sparrow search algorithm for unmanned aerial vehicle path planning

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Multi-objective deep reinforcement learning for computation offloading in UAV-assisted multi-access edge computing

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Multi-objective particle swarm optimization with multi-mode collaboration based on reinforcement learning for path planning of unmanned air vehicles

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Cooperative path planning optimization for multiple UAVs with communication constraints

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Social-class pigeon-inspired optimization and time stamp segmentation for multi-UAV cooperative path planning

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An overview: Attention mechanisms in multi-agent reinforcement learning

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Weighted strategies to guide a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for multi-UAV mission planning

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Discrete pigeon-inspired optimization algorithm with Metropolis acceptance criterion for large-scale traveling salesman problem

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3D path planning and real-time collision resolution of multirotor drone operations in complex urban low-altitude airspace

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Path planning of multi-UAVs based on deep Q-network for energy-efficient data collection in UAVs-assisted IoT

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Radial basis function neural networks for formation control of unmanned aerial vehicles

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Path planning of autonomous UAVs using reinforcement learning

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Q-Learning Algorithms: A Comprehensive Classification and Applications

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3D Optimal Surveillance Trajectory Planning for Multiple UAVs by Using Particle Swarm Optimization With Surveillance Area Priority

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Efficient Trajectory Planning for UAVs Using Hierarchical Optimization

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A Study of Path Planning for Multi- UAVs in Random Obstacle Environment Based on Improved Artificial Potential Field Method

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Multi-UAVs Collaborative Search Scheme in Marine Environments using Deep Reinforcement Learning

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UAV Path Planning using Global and Local Map Information with Deep Reinforcement Learning

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Optimal Path Planning for Multi-UAV Based on Pseudo-spectral Method

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Multi-UAV Path Planning with Collision Avoidance in 3D Environment Based on Improved APF

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A DDQN-Based Path Planning Method for Multi-UAVs in a 3D Indoor Environment

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Multi-UAV Path Planning Based on DRL for Data Collection in UAV-Assisted IoT

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Multi-UAVs Cooperative Path Planning Method based on Improved RRT Algorithm

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Multi-UAV Path Planning with Genetic Algorithm

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Swarm Path Planning for the Deployment of Drones in Emergency Response Missions

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Neural Network Based Algorithm for Multi-UAV Coverage Path Planning

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A Genetic Algorithm enhanced with Fuzzy-Logic for multi-objective Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle path planning missions

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Energy-Efficient Multi-UAV Collaborative Path Planning using Levy Flight and Improved Gray Wolf Optimization

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Multi-UAV Coverage Path Planning for the Inspection of Large and Complex Structures

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Deep Reinforcement Learning for Trajectory Path Planning and Distributed Inference in Resource-Constrained UAV Swarms

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Hybrid Heuristic-Based Multi-UAV Route Planning for Time-Dependent Data Collection

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Analysis and Contributions of Classical Techniques for Path Planning

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Multi-UAV Path Planning for Wireless Data Harvesting With Deep Reinforcement Learning

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Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Trajectory Planning for Multi-UAV Assisted Mobile Edge Computing

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An Improved Artificial Potential Field Method for Path Planning and Formation Control of the Multi-UAV Systems

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Path Planning of Arbitrary Shaped Mobile Robots With Safety Consideration

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Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning for UAVs Navigation in Unknown Complex Environment

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An Adaptive Conversion Speed Q-Learning Algorithm for Search and Rescue UAV Path Planning in Unknown Environments

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Multi-UAV Adaptive Cooperative Formation Trajectory Planning Based on an Improved MATD3 Algorithm of Deep Reinforcement Learning

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A Heuristic Evolutionary Algorithm of UAV Path Planning

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Multi-UAV Search and Rescue with Enhanced A ∗ Algorithm Path Planning in 3D Environment

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Enhanced Multi-UAV Path Planning in Complex Environments With Voronoi-Based Obstacle Modelling and Q-Learning

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Reinforcement Q-Learning for Path Planning of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in Unknown Environments

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Adaptive Path Planning for Fusing Rapidly Exploring Random Trees and Deep Reinforcement Learning in an Agriculture Dynamic Environment UAVs

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Multiple Swarm Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm Based Path Planning Method for Multi-UAVs

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Cooperative Path Planning for Aerial Recovery of a UAV Swarm Using Genetic Algorithm and Homotopic Approach

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An Evolutionary Algorithm to Optimise a Distributed UAV Swarm Formation System

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Path Planning for Autonomous Drones: Challenges and Future Directions

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Scalable and Cooperative Deep Reinforcement Learning Approaches for Multi-UAV Systems: A Systematic Review

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Artificial Intelligence-Based Autonomous UAV Networks: A Survey

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Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Autonomous Path Planning Algorithm Based on Whale-Inspired Deep Q-Network

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Advancement Challenges in UAV Swarm Formation Control: A Comprehensive Review

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Path Planning Technique for Mobile Robots: A Review

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Path Planning and Collision Risk Management Strategy for Multi-UAV Systems in 3D Environments

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Multi-UAV Path Planning Algorithm Based on BINN-HHO

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Biologically Inspired Complete Coverage Path Planning Algorithm Based on Q-Learning

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Research on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Path Planning

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Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

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inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/otcon65728.2025.11071125openalex-snapshot

Accelerating Iot-Based Sensing Technologies for Secure and Energy-Efficient Systems

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10000280/v1openalex-snapshot

Towards Sustainable Desert Agriculture: An AI-Driven UAV Intelligence Framework for Precision Monitoring and Resource Optimization

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6114211openalex-snapshot

Fuzzy Chance-Constrained Task Allocation for Heterogeneous Multi-UAV under Uncertain Environments: A Multi-Strategy Hybrid Harris Hawks Optimization Approach

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7435406openalex-snapshot

Cooperative UAV Coverage of Irregular‐Shaped Regions: A Joint Framework of Hierarchical Evolutionary Computation and Multi‐Agent Reinforcement Learning

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.23939/sisn2026.19.027openalex-snapshot

Dynamic Routing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Current State and Development Prospects

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.24147/2222-8772.2025.4.95-108openalex-snapshot

UAV routing algorithms in urban environment: current state and prospects

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3156/jsoft.37.3_61openalex-snapshot

Intelligent Systems Software and Applications: Trends and Prospects for Autonomous Technology in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/a19010031openalex-snapshot

AI-Enhanced UAV Clusters for Search and Rescue in Natural Disasters

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/app15042213openalex-snapshot

A Survey on Energy Drainage Attacks and Countermeasures in Wireless Sensor Networks

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/app15179691openalex-snapshot

A Survey of Cross-Layer Security for Resource-Constrained IoT Devices

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/app16125880openalex-snapshot

A UAV Path Planning Method in Complex 3D Environments by Fusing an Improved A* Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/app16147159openalex-snapshot

Enhanced Soft Actor–Critic with Dual-Path Channel Attention for UAV Autonomous Navigation in Complex Environments

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11070470openalex-snapshot

A Reinforcement-Learning-Driven Multi-Strategy Spherical-Vector Grey Wolf Optimizer for UAV 3D Path Planning

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11100685openalex-snapshot

Joint Three-Dimensional Path Planning for Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Static Environments Using an Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/drones10010011openalex-snapshot

A Comprehensive Review of Path-Planning Algorithms for Multi-UAV Swarms

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/drones10050351openalex-snapshot

A Survey of Risk-Calibrated Certifiably Safe and Resource-Aware (RCSR) Path Planning for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/drones10070523openalex-snapshot

Assignment-Consistent Dynamic Multi-UAV Task Allocation: Communication-Efficient Dynamic Multi-Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Task Allocation Under Stale and Asymmetric Information

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/drones10070537openalex-snapshot

Risk-Aware Cooperative Planning for Multiple UAVs in Non-Stationary Maritime Missions via a Scenario-Switching-Aware LinUCB Hyper-Heuristic

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/drones10080558openalex-snapshot

A Modified Seagull Optimization Algorithm with Latin Hypercube Sampling and Lévy Flight for 3D Path Planning of UAV

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/drones10100722openalex-snapshot

Robust Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization for High-Level Waypoint Planning in UAV-Swarm Active Source Seeking

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010055openalex-snapshot

A Distributed Hybrid Extended Kalman Filtering–Machine Learning Model for Trust-Based Authentication and Authorization in IoT Networks

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15030494openalex-snapshot

A Survey of Multi-Layer IoT Security Using SDN, Blockchain, and Machine Learning

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/info16121073openalex-snapshot

A Secure and Sustainable Transition from Legacy Smart Cards to Mobile Credentials in University Access Control Systems

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/info17060596openalex-snapshot

IoT-Enabled Smart Street Lighting: A Bibliometric-Driven Review of Energy-Efficient Architectures and Environmental Integration

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13091711openalex-snapshot

A High-Efficiency Task Allocation Algorithm for Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Offshore Wind Power Under Energy Constraints

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/math14193569openalex-snapshot

Risk-Aware Look-Ahead Planning for Independent Multi-Goal UAV Paths: A Bounded Two-Dimensional Geometric Study

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/mti9050039openalex-snapshot

Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence for Secure and Sustainable Green Mobility: A Multimodal Data Fusion Approach to Enhance Efficiency and Security

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/s25103134openalex-snapshot

Multiplexed Internet of Things Data Transmission and Visualization Utilizing Wireless LAN Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure Protocol in Smart Factories

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/s25113457openalex-snapshot

A Secure and Energy-Efficient Cross-Layer Network Architecture for the Internet of Things

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/s25123720openalex-snapshot

Cross-Layer Analysis of Machine Learning Models for Secure and Energy-Efficient IoT Networks

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/s25134222openalex-snapshot

How Beyond-5G and 6G Makes IIoT and the Smart Grid Green—A Survey

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/s25196110openalex-snapshot

Adaptive Antenna for Maritime LoRaWAN: A Systematic Review on Performance, Energy Efficiency, and Environmental Resilience

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/s25216766openalex-snapshot

Secure Cross-Layer Mobile Sensing Framework for Real-Time Disaster Reporting and Visualisation Using a Mobile Application

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/s25237326openalex-snapshot

Factor Graph-Based Time-Synchronized Trajectory Planning for UAVs in Ground Radar Environment Simulation

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/s26113398openalex-snapshot

Neural Surrogate-Enhanced Metaheuristic Optimization for Distributed Quadrotor Swarm Control

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14080454openalex-snapshot

Low-Altitude Multi-UAV Trajectory Planning in Dynamic Urban Environments Using Dynamic-Aware ACO and MPC-GWO

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14080455openalex-snapshot

Integration Challenges of Turbine-Powered UAVs: Thermal, Structural, Acoustic, and Operational Perspectives

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.37701/ts.12.2026.12openalex-snapshot

ANALYSIS OF FIBER-OPTIC CONTROL CHANNELS FOR FPV-TYPE UAVS UNDER CONDITIONS OF INTENSIVE MANEUVERING AND COMPLEX TERRAIN

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.4236/jcc.2026.147009openalex-snapshot

Three-Dimensional Complete Coverage Path Planning for UAVs Using an Improved Multi-Objective Dung Beetle Optimization Algorithm

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.56127/ijml.v4i2.2073openalex-snapshot

Localized Intelligence with Built In Confidentiality: A Policy Aligned Framework for Privacy Aware TinyML Systems

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5753/sibgrapi.est.2025.38303openalex-snapshot

Visual Identification System for Aedes Detection using Drones

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.62441/nano-ntp.vi.3613openalex-snapshot

AI-powered Smart Grids: Energy Optimization

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