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Systematic Review of Instruments to Assess Computational Thinking in Early Years of Schooling

https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14101124
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Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6528-7_6openalex-snapshot
Combining Assessment Tools for a Comprehensive Evaluation of Computational Thinking Interventions
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10765-zopenalex-snapshot
Computational thinking learning experiences, outcomes, and research in preschool settings: a scoping review of literature
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11956-6openalex-snapshot
The effect on computational thinking and identified learning aspects: Comparing unplugged smartGames with SRA-Programming with tangible or On-screen output
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12052-5openalex-snapshot
Computational thinking in primary school: effects of student and school characteristics
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12153-1openalex-snapshot
Think together, design together, code together: the effect of augmented reality activity designed by children on the computational thinking skills
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12441-wopenalex-snapshot
A Bebras Computational Thinking (ABC-Thinking) program for primary school: Evaluation using the competent computational thinking test
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-021-01188-zopenalex-snapshot
Noticing and Naming Computational Thinking During Play
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-019-09799-3openalex-snapshot
A Scoping Review of Empirical Research on Recent Computational Thinking Assessments
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-020-09831-xopenalex-snapshot
TechCheck: Development and Validation of an Unplugged Assessment of Computational Thinking in Early Childhood Education
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-021-10016-5openalex-snapshot
Promoting pupils’ computational thinking skills and self-efficacy: a problem-solving instructional approach
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-022-10093-0openalex-snapshot
Exploring the characteristics of an optimal design of non-programming plugged learning for developing primary school students’ computational thinking in mathematics
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-023-10191-7openalex-snapshot
Effects of robotics STEM camps on rural elementary students’ self-efficacy and computational thinking
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-023-10231-2openalex-snapshot
Development and validation of a computational thinking test for lower primary school students
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02085-9openalex-snapshot
Measuring coding ability in young children: relations to computational thinking, creative thinking, and working memory
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-021-09305-yopenalex-snapshot
A scoping review of computational thinking assessments in higher education
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-021-00190-zopenalex-snapshot
Effect of Scratch on computational thinking skills of Chinese primary school students
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s41979-020-00030-2openalex-snapshot
Computational Thinking Is More about Thinking than Computing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2021.100043openalex-snapshot
Cognitive abilities and computational thinking at age 5: Evidence for associations to sequencing and symbolic number comparison
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.012openalex-snapshot
Review on teaching and learning of computational thinking through programming: What is next for K-12?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.047openalex-snapshot
Which cognitive abilities underlie computational thinking? Criterion validity of the Computational Thinking Test
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.005openalex-snapshot
A validity and reliability study of the computational thinking scales (CTS)
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.09.030openalex-snapshot
Extending the nomological network of computational thinking with non-cognitive factors
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.027openalex-snapshot
Can computational thinking be improved by using a methodology based on metaphors and scratch to teach computer programming to children?
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106230openalex-snapshot
Formation of computational identity through computational thinking perspectives development in programming learning: A mediation analysis among primary school students
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106836openalex-snapshot
Item response analysis of computational thinking practices: Test characteristics and students’ learning abilities in visual programming contexts
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107749openalex-snapshot
Monitoring cognitive development through the assessment of computational thinking practices: A longitudinal intervention on primary school students
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.03.001openalex-snapshot
Assessing elementary students’ computational thinking in everyday reasoning and robotics programming
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.09.004openalex-snapshot
Analysis of the relation between computational thinking skills and various variables with the structural equation model
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103798openalex-snapshot
Assessing computational thinking: A systematic review of empirical studies
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103832openalex-snapshot
Computational thinking through unplugged activities in early years of Primary Education
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104083openalex-snapshot
Mapping computational thinking through programming in K-12 education: A conceptual model based on a systematic literature Review
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104425openalex-snapshot
A cognitive definition of computational thinking in primary education
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104505openalex-snapshot
Unplugged or plugged-in programming learning: A comparative experimental study
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104562openalex-snapshot
Validating a computational thinking concepts test for primary education using item response theory: An analysis of students’ responses
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2023.05.013openalex-snapshot
Designing formative assessments of early childhood computational thinking
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2021.100337openalex-snapshot
Preschool children, robots, and computational thinking: A systematic review
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101043openalex-snapshot
The bidirectional predictions between primary school students’ STEM and language academic achievements and computational thinking: The moderating role of gender
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101314openalex-snapshot
Exploring the underlying cognitive process of computational thinking in primary education
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1037/t87213-000openalex-snapshot
competent Computational Thinking Test
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/08993408.2020.1866939openalex-snapshot
A principled approach to designing computational thinking concepts and practices assessments for upper elementary grades
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/08993408.2021.1874221openalex-snapshot
Design and validation of learning trajectory-based assessments for computational thinking in upper elementary grades
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/08993408.2021.1877988openalex-snapshot
Developing a kindergarten computational thinking assessment using evidence-centered design: the case of algorithmic thinking
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2021.1962453openalex-snapshot
Developing and Testing a Design-Based Learning Approach to Enhance Elementary Students’ Self-Perceived Computational Thinking
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/educon45650.2020.9125368openalex-snapshot
Computational Thinking Test for Beginners: Design and Content Validation
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/educon46332.2021.9453926openalex-snapshot
TechCheck-K: A Measure of Computational Thinking for Kindergarten Children
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tale52509.2021.9678852openalex-snapshot
Computational Thinking Test for Lower Primary Students: Design Principles, Content Validation, and Pilot Testing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2021.3111108openalex-snapshot
Collaborative Game-Based Environment and Assessment Tool for Learning Computational Thinking in Primary School: A Case Study
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12429openalex-snapshot
Does learning to code influence cognitive skills of elementary school children? Findings from a randomized experiment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12850openalex-snapshot
The effect of an unplugged coding course on primary school students' improvement in their computational thinking skills
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12900openalex-snapshot
Unravelling the underlying mechanism of computational thinking: The mediating role of attitudinal beliefs between personality and learning performance
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71openalex-snapshot
The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3494579openalex-snapshot
Elementary Computational Thinking Instruction and Assessment: A Learning Trajectory Perspective
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633117743918openalex-snapshot
Computational Thinking Equity in Elementary Classrooms: What Third-Grade Students Know and Can Do
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331211033158openalex-snapshot
Computational Thinking Through an Empirical Lens: A Systematic Review of Literature
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331211051043openalex-snapshot
Development and Validation of the Computational Thinking Test for Elementary School Students (CTT-ES): Correlate CT Competency With CT Disposition
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331211055379openalex-snapshot
Unleashing the Potential of Abstraction From Cloud of Computational Thinking: A Systematic Review of Literature
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331211057143openalex-snapshot
Effect of Unplugged Programming Teaching Aids on Children’s Computational Thinking and Classroom Interaction: with Respect to Piaget’s Four Stages Theory
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331221081753openalex-snapshot
The Competent Computational Thinking Test: Development and Validation of an Unplugged Computational Thinking Test for Upper Primary School
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/18344909211010240openalex-snapshot
Development and Validation of Computational Thinking Assessment of Chinese Elementary School Students
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v8i4.19259openalex-snapshot
Developing Scientific Literacy-Based Teaching Materials to Improve Students’ Computational Thinking Skills
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.15388/infedu.2023.19openalex-snapshot
Effects of Scratch-based activities on 4th-grade students’ computational thinking skills
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.22318/icls2023.856994openalex-snapshot
Assessing Young Children’s Computational Thinking Using Cognitive Diagnostic Modeling
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.30191/ets.202304_26(2).0009openalex-snapshot
A Normative Analysis of the TechCheck Computational Thinking Assessment
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.30630/joiv.5.3.672openalex-snapshot
Computational Thinking Evaluation Tool Development for Early Childhood Software Education
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189x12463051openalex-snapshot
Computational Thinking in K–12
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/22.80.765openalex-snapshot
ADAPTATION INTO TURKISH OF THE COMPUTATIONAL THINKING TEST FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.33543/j.1301.4551openalex-snapshot
POSSIBILITIES OF DIAGNOSING THE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS' COMPUTATIONAL THINKING AND THE INFLUENCE OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF TEACHING MATHEMATICS ON THEIR RESULTS
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1082659openalex-snapshot
Comparing the psychometric properties of two primary school Computational Thinking (CT) assessments for grades 3 and 4: The Beginners' CT test (BCTt) and the competent CT test (cCTt)
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12010010openalex-snapshot
The Effect of Robotics-Based Storytelling Activities on Primary School Students’ Computational Thinking
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12060380openalex-snapshot
Assessing Algorithmic Thinking Skills in Relation to Age in Early Childhood STEM Education
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics6040043openalex-snapshot
Educational Robotics in Primary School: Measuring the Development of Computational Thinking Skills with the Bebras Tasks
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11020036openalex-snapshot
Effect of Reverse Engineering Pedagogy on Primary School Students’ Computational Thinking Skills in STEM Learning Activities
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114459openalex-snapshot
Development and Predictive Validity of the Computational Thinking Disposition Questionnaire
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v11n4p29openalex-snapshot
Defining a New 21st Century Skill-Computational Thinking: Concepts and Trends
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.6018/riite/2017/267411openalex-snapshot
Evaluación del Pensamiento Computacional en Educación Primaria
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.7326/m18-0850openalex-snapshot
PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation

What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70326openalex-snapshot
Assessing Computational Thinking in Early Childhood: A Systematic Review of Instruments, Constructs and Psychometric Evidence
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-025-09938-3openalex-snapshot
Assessing Computational Thinking Skills in K–12 Education: A Systematic Review
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-026-10306-8openalex-snapshot
How Unplugged Computational Thinking Shapes Students’ Creative Thinking: Evidence From the Human Nervous and Endocrine Systems
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e45423openalex-snapshot
Characteristics and psychometric properties of computational thinking assessments in children and adolescents: A systematic review
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2026.102304openalex-snapshot
Assessing computational thinking and creativity skills in games developed by autistic youth in online game design and employment workshops
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2026.2730634openalex-snapshot
Design affordance diagnostic framework: screening construct-irrelevant variance in computational thinking assessment
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/rita.2026.3704512openalex-snapshot
Effect of Structured Collaborative Learning on Computational Thinking in Secondary Education: An Experimental Study Using Scratch-Based Geometry Tasks
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1109/siie68580.2025.11368397openalex-snapshot
Adaptation and Psychometric Validation of TechCheck-2 as a Tool for Assessing Computational Thinking in Portuguese Early Elementary Education
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.23887/jippg.v9i1.108863openalex-snapshot
Design Coding Worksheet to Improve Literacy and Computational Thinking for Early Childhood
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.30935/scimath/17248openalex-snapshot
Assessing computational thinking skills of science and mathematics upper-secondary school students
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1722422openalex-snapshot
Developing a process-oriented classroom observation protocol for assessing high school students’ computational thinking in science classrooms: a Rasch-based proficiency framework
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1797656openalex-snapshot
Computational thinking and academic imposter syndrome: a serial mediation model of creative and critical thinking
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/computers15030165openalex-snapshot
Development and Validation of the Computational Thinking Assessment Tool DACT
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/digital6020037openalex-snapshot
Using Code Comments as a Pedagogical Scaffold in Digitally Supported Introductory Programming: An Exploratory Mixed-Methods Study in Vocational Secondary Education
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15010009openalex-snapshot
Coding Readiness Assessment: A Measure of Computational Thinking for Preschoolers
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15080985openalex-snapshot
Computational Thinking in Primary and Pre-School Children: A Systematic Review of the Literature
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.52597/buje.1771117openalex-snapshot
Developing and Validating a Computational Thinking Skills Test for 2nd Graders in Turkish Primary Schools
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5753/wei.2026.21869openalex-snapshot
Pensamento Computacional, Computação Física e o Consumo de Energia Elétrica: Uma Experiência na Aprendizagem de Acadêmicos de Licenciatura em Física
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5753/wie.2026.27903openalex-snapshot
Pensamento Computacional e Computação Física: uma Experiência na Construção de Atividades sobre Geração e Consumo de Energia Elétrica
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