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The emergence of contingent reciprocity in young children

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.06.002
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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

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Prosocial Development
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Young children’s understanding of violations of property rights
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The development of contingent reciprocity in children
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Prosocial Action in Very Early Childhood
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Reciprocity of exchange in toddler sharing behavior.
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Little Children's Participation in the Work of Adults, a Nascent Prosocial Behavior
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Young Children Selectively Avoid Helping People With Harmful Intentions
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Toddlers’ Prosocial Behavior: From Instrumental to Empathic to Altruistic Helping
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Prosocial Development
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Examining the Diversity of Prosocial Behavior: Helping, Sharing, and Comforting in Infancy
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Children's reciprocal altruism in a competitive game
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1121448openalex-snapshot
Altruistic Helping in Human Infants and Young Chimpanzees
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Five Rules for the Evolution of Cooperation
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The Evolution of Cooperation
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Reciprocity of prosocial behavior in Japanese preschool children
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Intention-Mediated Selective Helping in Infancy
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The roots of human altruism
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What points at this work

Incoming claims: where this work appears in other papers’ reference lists and arguments.

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The Influence of Theory of Mind on Reciprocal Behavior in 3-6-Year-Old Children: The Mediating Role of Mental Time Travel and Empathy
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The Roots of Moral Reasoning and Behavior in Infants
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Social Cognitive Development from an Evolutionary Perspective
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Contingent Reciprocity
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Contingent Reciprocity
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The Multi-Norm Structural Social-Developmental Model of Children’s Intergroup Attitudes: Integrating Intergroup-Loyalty and Outgroup Fairness Norms
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Learning prosociality: insights from young forager and subsistence farmer children’s food sharing with mothers and others
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Media and Technology in Preschool Classrooms: Manifesting Prosocial Sharing Behaviours When Using iPads
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Parental Socialization and Gratitude Development in Children: A Systematic Review and Call for Future Research
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Does kindness always pay? The influence of recipient affection and generosity on young children’s allocation decisions in a resource distribution task
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Assessing guilt in childhood: psychometric validation of self- and parent-report measures
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Comparing badges and learning goals in low- and high-stakes learning contexts
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Gesamtliteraturverzeichnis
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The emotional foundations of human prosociality
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Does distinctiveness enhance memory for cooperative events in Norway rats?
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Investigating the nature of children's altruism using a social humanoid robot
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High and low theory-of-mind scores of child-teachers: Which teaching strategies are efficient?
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Children show economic trust for both ingroup and outgroup partners
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Reciprocal reputation management: Preschoolers respond to shared credit with shared blame
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Children’s prosocial and selfish rule-breaking following an implicit quid pro quo
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Giving and taking: Representational building blocks of active resource-transfer events in human infants
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Helping, fast and slow: Exploring intuitive cooperation in early ontogeny
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Prospection and delay of gratification support the development of calculated reciprocity
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Insights into the biological foundation of human altruistic sentiments
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Genetic and environmental contributions to children's prosocial behavior: brief review and new evidence from a reanalysis of experimental twin data
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The developmental emergence of direct reciprocity and its influence on prosocial behavior
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The development of prosocial behavior—from sympathy to strategy
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Collaboration induces debt-motivated altruism
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Development of children's informal understanding of division through sharing: Contributions of reasoning demands and problem situations
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The shadow of the future: 5-Year-olds, but not 3-year-olds, adjust their sharing in anticipation of reciprocation
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Children disassociate from antisocial in-group members
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The specificity of reciprocity: Young children reciprocate more generously to those who intentionally benefit them
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Apologies repair children’s trust: The mediating role of emotions
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Toddlers prefer to help familiar people
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A cross-cultural investigation of children’s willingness to imitate prosocial and antisocial groups
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The influence of intention and outcome on young children’s reciprocal sharing
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Toddlers’ intrinsic motivation to return help to their benefactor
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Normative foundations of reciprocity in preschoolers
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Paying it forward: The development and underlying mechanisms of upstream reciprocity
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Paying it back and forward: The impact of experiencing and observing others’ sharing and stinginess on preschoolers’ own sharing behavior and expectations
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Young children’s willingness to deceive shows in-group bias only in specific social contexts
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Friendship is more than strategic reciprocity: Preschoolers’ selective sharing with friends cannot be reduced to strategic concerns
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Preschoolers selectively trust and selectively share with others based on their past accuracy and intentions
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Schadenfreude or empathy? Children’s emotional responses to the physical pain and pleasure of prosocial and antisocial others
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Revisiting the possibility of reciprocal help in non-human primates
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The Neuroscience of Adolescence
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Preface
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What Is Adolescence?
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Puberty
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Cognitive Neuroscience Methods to Study the Adolescent Brain
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Brain Plasticity
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Neurocognitive Development
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Motivational Systems
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The Social Brain
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The Implications of Adolescent Neuroscience on Policy
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Glossary of Key Terms
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Complete List of References
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Ownership and Exchange in Children: Implications for Social and Moral Development
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The moral psychology of obligation
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Two modes of equality matching: positive and negative direct reciprocity
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It’s payback time: Preschoolers selectively request resources from someone they had benefitted.
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Selectivity in toddlers’ behavioral and emotional reactions to prosocial and antisocial others.
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The impact of social relationships on children’s distributive justice.
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Giving a larger amount or a larger proportion: Stimulus format impacts children’s social evaluations.
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Evil origins: A Darwinian genealogy of the popcultural villain.
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Children’s reciprocity and relationship formation with a robot across age.
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Supplemental Material for Children’s Reciprocity and Relationship Formation With a Robot Across Age
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Infants expect some degree of positive and negative reciprocity between strangers
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Universal norm psychology leads to societal diversity in prosocial behaviour and development
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Young children display an increase in prosocial donating in response to an upwards shift in generosity by a same-aged peer
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Social status and prenatal testosterone exposure assessed via second-to-fourth digit ratio affect 6–9-year-old children’s prosocial choices
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Children consider others’ need and reputation in costly sharing decisions
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The role of future planning, patience, and risk tolerance for prospective reciprocity in human adults
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The cognitive challenges of cooperation in human and nonhuman animals
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Using Analog Tasks to Assess Children's Social Communication Skills
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Rethinking natural altruism: Simple reciprocal interactions trigger children’s benevolence
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Are social norms and reciprocity necessary for early helping?
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The evolution and development of human cooperation
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Do 5- and 6-Year-Old Children Attempt to Appear Fair to Others?
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Preschoolers’ Altruistic Sharing Towards Prosocial and Antisocial Recipients
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Is children’s wellbeing different from adults’ wellbeing?
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Contextual cues about reciprocity impact ratings of smile sincerity
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Ethics and economics: A comment on Narvaez‘s “Revitalizing human virtue by restoring organic morality”
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Collective intentionality: A basic and early component of moral evolution
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When the Recipient is a Social Robot: The Impact of Negative Behavioral Valence on 5-Year-Old Children’s Sharing
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Children’s Evaluations of Informants and their Surprising Claims in Direct and Overheard Contexts
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Children’s Understanding and Use of Four Dimensions of Social Status
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External and Internal Moral Identity Motivation in Adolescence and Early Adulthood, and Their Role in Public Versus Private Moral Decision-Making
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Children’s judgements of the obligation to help: The role of relationships
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I scratched your back; should you not scratch mine? The expectation of reciprocity in 4- to 6-year-old children following a prosocial investment
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Young children’s behaviour predictions in direct reciprocal situations
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/chidev/aacaf020openalex-snapshot
It's the cost that counts! Young children's reciprocity is sensitive to subjective cost
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1093/chidev/aacag005openalex-snapshot
Reciprocity norms can promote dishonesty in children
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Children across diverse societies exchange reasons to resolve disagreements
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I'm not a little kid anymore! Reciprocal social influence in child–adult interaction
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‘Help and you shall be happy!’: a longitudinal analysis of preschool-aged children’s happiness after prosocial action
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Economic trust in young children
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Schoolchildren cooperate more successfully with non-kin than with siblings
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Apes reciprocate food positively and negatively
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How institutions shaped the last major evolutionary transition to large-scale human societies
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Children cooperate more successfully with non-kin than with siblings
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Preliminary evidence supporting the clinical utility of an Analog Task of Prosocial Helping
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Fair Resource Allocation Among Children and Adolescents: The Role of Group and Developmental Processes
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Extrinsic Rewards Diminish Costly Sharing in 3-Year-Olds
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Prosocial Motivation: Inferences From an Opaque Body of Work
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Getting What You Pay For: Children's Use of Market Norms to Regulate Exchanges
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Longitudinal Continuity in Understanding and Production of Giving-Related Behavior From Infancy to Childhood
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Interwealth Contact and Young Children's Concern for Equity
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Simulating peers: Can puppets simulate peer interactions in studies on children's socio-cognitive development?
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Diverse ontogenies of reciprocal and prosocial behavior: cooperative development in Fiji and the United States
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Prosocial and self‐interested intra‐twin pair behavior in monozygotic and dizygotic twins in the early to middle childhood transition
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13303openalex-snapshot
Children over‐imitate adults and peers more than puppets
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Children Cheat to Return a Favor
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Are kea prosocial?
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Instrumental helping and short‐term reciprocity in chimpanzees and human children
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Interdisciplinary perspectives on the principle of reciprocation
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Prosocial and Aggressive Behavior: A Longitudinal Study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12341openalex-snapshot
To be fair, generous, or selfish: The effect of relationship on Chinese children’s distributive allocation and procedural application
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12437openalex-snapshot
Cooperation and preference by peers in early childhood: A longitudinal study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12478openalex-snapshot
How socialization goals and peer social climate predict young children's concern for others: Evidence for a development shift between 2 and 4 years of age
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1111/sode.70062openalex-snapshot
“Direct Reciprocity” or “Indirect Reciprocity” ‐ The Mechanisms of Infants’ Sharing Behavior
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011813openalex-snapshot
How Children Solve the Two Challenges of Cooperation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/01650254261419704openalex-snapshot
Should we turn a deaf ear or take responsibility? The bystander effect in helping behavior of young children
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/02654075251316316openalex-snapshot
You need to take turns! Sibling sharing and the emergence of conscience in early childhood
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0735633115585928openalex-snapshot
Treatment of an Anonymous Recipient
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616644070openalex-snapshot
One for You, One for Me
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619854975openalex-snapshot
Paying Back People Who Harmed Us but Not People Who Helped Us: Direct Negative Reciprocity Precedes Direct Positive Reciprocity in Early Development
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1059712318818813openalex-snapshot
Autism, social connectedness, and minimal social acts
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/10870547211050948openalex-snapshot
Studying Motivation in ADHD: The Role of Internal Motives and the Relevance of Self Determination Theory
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1474704918797031openalex-snapshot
Reciprocity Among Preschoolers in Relation to Resource Allocation Toward Siblings, Friends, and Strangers
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615568998openalex-snapshot
Beyond Good and Evil
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/17456916221112075openalex-snapshot
Rethinking Norm Psychology
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1177/1754073919885014openalex-snapshot
The Development of Prosocial Emotions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.12968/eyed.2018.20.3.38openalex-snapshot
Give and take: Reciprocity
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147539openalex-snapshot
Giving Is Nicer than Taking: Preschoolers Reciprocate Based on the Social Intentions of the Distributor
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202506openalex-snapshot
Varieties of trust in preschoolers’ learning and practical decisions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240028openalex-snapshot
The effect of language on prosocial behaviors in preschool children
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276932openalex-snapshot
Positive and negative actions early in the relationship predict later interactions among toddlers
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0344731openalex-snapshot
When revealed after the fact, selfish intentions undermine prosocial actions in 5-year-olds
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/3872openalex-snapshot
Social Learning with Mobile Devices in Preschool Classrooms
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4896309openalex-snapshot
From Intent to Action: Exploring Age-Dependent Reciprocity Patterns in Game-Based Interactions
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5624044openalex-snapshot
Give Now, Receive Later: Exploring Prospective Reciprocity in Chimpanzees
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.22330/he/35/106-121openalex-snapshot
Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory and Evolutionary Morality Model on Views of Homosexuality
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.26864/pcs.v10.n2.7openalex-snapshot
Ontogénesis del sentido de justicia. El criterio de igualdad analizado desde la psicología del desarrollo
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.30699/icss.21.3.1openalex-snapshot
Neural correlates of fairness consideration in children in interaction with their In-/Out-group: An event-related potential study
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5wtq3openalex-snapshot
The role of future planning, patience, and risk tolerance for prospective reciprocity in human adults
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/vjb6qopenalex-snapshot
Paying back those who harmed us but not those who helped us: Direct negative reciprocity precedes direct positive reciprocity in early development
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.32604/ijmhp.2023.043430openalex-snapshot
Regulating Empathy: Exploring the Process through Agents and Strategies
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.32657/10356/156813openalex-snapshot
Conditional prosociality in development: deconstructing social and materialistic factors that modulate early prosocial behavior
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1058352openalex-snapshot
Why help others? Insights from rodent to human early childhood research
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00836openalex-snapshot
Selectivity in early prosocial behavior
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01509openalex-snapshot
Direct cost does not impact on young children’s spontaneous helping behavior
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00460openalex-snapshot
Five-Year-Old Preschoolers’ Sharing is Influenced by Anticipated Reciprocation
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00239openalex-snapshot
Young Children’s Indiscriminate Helping Behavior Toward a Humanoid Robot
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.909613openalex-snapshot
Young Children’s Conceptualisations of Kindness: A Thematic Analysis
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1130632openalex-snapshot
Food sharing with friends and acquaintances: A study in preschool boys and girls
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1288021openalex-snapshot
Cognitive pediatric tele-assessment: a scoping review
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1478493openalex-snapshot
Preschoolers' prosocial behavior in groups—Testing effects of dominance, popularity, and friendship
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1708789openalex-snapshot
Growing decision-making: the role of theory of mind, empathy, and personality traits in school-age children
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1545932openalex-snapshot
Differential effects of exposure to cooperative versus competitive games on sharing behavior in young children
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050689openalex-snapshot
The Factors Influencing Children’s Helping Behavior: The Roles of Cognition and Empathy Concern
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.35376/10324/33456openalex-snapshot
La autorregulación en el aula de educación primaria: estudio y aplicación de un modelo integral de transición activa hacia la autonomía
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.35765/eetp.2022.1767.02openalex-snapshot
Rola inteligencji moralnej w wychowaniu do wartości moralnych
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.35765/eetp.2022.1767.07openalex-snapshot
Wychowanie do wartości ekologicznych. Którędy do budowania więzi dzieci z przyrodą?
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1041.2018.01018openalex-snapshot
学龄前儿童分配模式的传递效应:心理理论和共情的作用 *
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2018.01284openalex-snapshot
社会规范的动态过程
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2024.00639openalex-snapshot
The impact of interpersonal synchronization on autistic children's cooperative behavior and its intervention promotion
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2022.107009openalex-snapshot
Explaining Reciprocal Sharing in Repeated Dictator Game: The Role of Theory of Mind
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v13n2p1openalex-snapshot
How Prospective Direct and Indirect Reciprocity Influence 4- to 6-Year-Old’s Sharing
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.2453openalex-snapshot
Learning to wait and be altruistic: Testing a conversational training in economic education for primary school children
inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.11.743695openalex-snapshot
Symmetry breaking and social coordination in children: Using group theory to understand emergent patterns of multi-agent coordination
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