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Beyond efficiency: Empirical insights on generative AI 's impact on cognition, metacognition and epistemic agency in learning

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1 of the 41 references listed on this page is in the Retraction Watch database as retracted (export 2026-11-11): 10.1057/s41599-025-04787-y (notice 2026-04-22).

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What this work says

Outgoing claims: the papers this work cites, builds on, or argues with.

inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-025-10020-8openalex-snapshot
Looking Beyond the Hype: Understanding the Effects of AI on Learning
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0220-3openalex-snapshot
Developing evaluative judgement: enabling students to make decisions about the quality of work
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100070openalex-snapshot
The concept of hybrid human-AI regulation: Exemplifying how to support young learners’ self-regulated learning
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100436openalex-snapshot
GLAT: The generative AI literacy assessment test
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104967openalex-snapshot
Impact of AI assistance on student agency
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105224openalex-snapshot
Does ChatGPT enhance student learning? A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102274openalex-snapshot
ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59906-9openalex-snapshot
Extending Minds with Generative AI
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-02004-5openalex-snapshot
Promises and challenges of generative artificial intelligence for human learning
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-02077-2openalex-snapshot
How human–AI feedback loops alter human perceptual, emotional and social judgements
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-025-02194-6openalex-snapshot
On the conversational persuasiveness of GPT-4
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-025-00467-5openalex-snapshot
Distinguishing performance gains from learning when using generative AI
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04787-yopenalex-snapshot
RETRACTED ARTICLE: The effect of ChatGPT on students’ learning performance, learning perception, and higher-order thinking: insights from a meta-analysis
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2024.2394886openalex-snapshot
The promise and challenges of generative AI in education
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13370openalex-snapshot
Practical and ethical challenges of large language models in education: A systematic scoping review
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13514openalex-snapshot
The interplay of learning, analytics and artificial intelligence in education: A vision for hybrid intelligence
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13586openalex-snapshot
Development of a generative AI ‐powered teachable agent for middle school mathematics learning: A design‐based research study
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13587openalex-snapshot
Generative AI and multimodal data for educational feedback: Insights from embodied math learning
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13588openalex-snapshot
Analysing nontraditional students' ChatGPT interaction, engagement, self‐efficacy and performance: A mixed‐methods approach
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13589openalex-snapshot
The impact of GenAI ‐enabled coding hints on students' programming performance and cognitive load in an SRL ‐based Python course
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13590openalex-snapshot
Cognitive Echo: Enhancing think‐aloud protocols with LLM ‐based simulated students
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13591openalex-snapshot
“ ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info.” Epistemic beliefs and metacognitive accuracy in students' integration of ChatGPT content into academic writing
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13599openalex-snapshot
Enhancing self‐regulated learning and learning experience in generative AI environments: The critical role of metacognitive support
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13601openalex-snapshot
Metacognition meets AI : Empowering reflective writing with large language models
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13605openalex-snapshot
Investigating the impact of ChatGPT ‐assisted feedback on the dynamics and outcomes of online inquiry‐based discussion
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13606openalex-snapshot
AI ‐mediated sensemaking in higher education students’ learning processes: Tensions, sensemaking practices, and AI ‐assigned purposes
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13607openalex-snapshot
Human– AI collaborative learning in mixed reality: Examining the cognitive and socio‐emotional interactions
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13609openalex-snapshot
Effects of AI ‐generated adaptive feedback on statistical skills and interest in statistics: A field experiment in higher education
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13610openalex-snapshot
Chatbots in tertiary education: Exploring the impact of warm and competent avatars on self‐directed learning
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13611openalex-snapshot
Group interaction patterns in generative AI ‐supported collaborative problem solving: Network analysis of the interactions among students and a GAI chatbot
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13612openalex-snapshot
Investigating the motivational and knowledge affordances of conversational AI using induction, concretization and exemplification in math learning
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13615openalex-snapshot
Parent‐led vs. AI ‐guided dialogic reading: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial in children's e‐book context
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831openalex-snapshot
Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376727openalex-snapshot
What is AI Literacy? Competencies and Design Considerations
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3713886openalex-snapshot
CreAItive Collaboration? Users' Misjudgment of AI-Creativity Affects Their Collaborative Performance
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1145/3706599.3719804openalex-snapshot
What if (Everyday) Technologies were Designed for Learning? Towards "Support for Learning" as a Design Goal for Every(day) Technology
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1177/00224871251325058openalex-snapshot
Social-Emotional Learning and Generative AI: A Critical Literature Review and Framework for Teacher Education
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-xopenalex-snapshot
What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.18608/jla.2025.8961openalex-snapshot
Generative AI and Learning Analytics
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/3xye5_v1openalex-snapshot
WITHDRAWN
inferredcites →https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/3xye5_v3openalex-snapshot
The Memory Paradox: Why Our Brains Need Knowledge in an Age of AI

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inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2026.100669openalex-snapshot
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inferred← citeshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2026.100419openalex-snapshot
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